1919

1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year beginning on a Wednesday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

• January 1st: in Germany, Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Wilhelm Pieck founded the German Communist Party.
• 2 January: the Czechoslovak army takes over the city of Bratislava.
• 3 January: the movement Sello de Verigar, first seal of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, although it had been created for the State of Slovenians, Croats and Serbs.
• January 5: the German Workers Party (DAP) was founded, which was later owned by Adolf Hitler and which he would change his name by NSDAP (German National Socialist Workers Party).
• January 6: In Germany, a communist (spartaist) uprising led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg fails.
• 7 January: In Buenos Aires, the union situation of the Vasena workshops is aggravated; the "Tragic Week" begins.
• 15 January:
  • The German government murders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, leaders of the Spartaquest League and the failed German Revolution.
  • In Boston, the United States, a 15-metre-high and 27-metre-diameter melace tank explodes, leaving a balance of 21 dead and 150 wounded (“Bosss melace skill”).
    

    The Melaza Deck in Boston.
• 18 January: in Paris the meetings of the Peace Conference begin.
• 25 January: the League of Nations is founded in Paris.

February

• 3 February: Soviet forces occupy Ukraine and form a mixed government in Kiev.
• 5 February:
  • In Barcelona the strike of La Canadiense begins.
  • David W. Griffith, Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford, form United Artists.
• 6 February: In Luxembourg women get the right to vote from the age of 21.
• 11 February: In Germany, after defeating the polls, Friedrich Ebert became the first president of the Republic of Weimar.
• 16 February: the treaty of armistice between Germany and the Allies is extended, who provisionally set the border line between Germany and Poland, so that Posen (Poznan) becomes Polish, and Western Prussia remains in the German Reich.
• 19 February:
  • In France, the anarchist Louis Cottin unsuccessfully attacks Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of Ministers.
  • In the magazine Greece and various newspapers appear Ultraist Manifestosigned by Guillermo de Torre and Pedro Garfias, among others.
• 21 February:
  • In Barcelona, a general strike was declared, initiated by the protest of the workers of La Canadiense.
  • Kurt Eisner (Prime Minister of the Republic of Bavaria) is murdered.

March

• 1 March:
  • The Koreans manifest themselves in favor of national independence and the Japanese, the country's occupants, kill 7000 people and stop another 200,000 as a measure of decay.
  • In Italy the fascists founded the first groups of combat.
• 3 March: The Government of Poland calls on Germany to reconstitute the Polish borders of 1722.
• 4 March: the Russians founded the Komintern or Communist International.
• March 18: Valencia Club of Football is founded.
• 22 March: Hungary proclaims the Hungarian Soviet Republic.
• 23 March: in Milan (Italy), the Italian politician Benito Mussolini founded a fascist party: Associazione Nazionale dei Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.

April

El 10 de abril de 1919 fue asesinado Emiliano Zapata

• 1 April: in the city of Oruro (Bolivia) the newspaper is founded The Homeland.
• 2 April: in Spain he is arrested Angel Pestaña, director of the newspaper Solidaridad Obrera.
• 7 April: In Belgium, 160 000 women sign a petition for universal suffrage at the age of 21.
• April 10: in Mexico, Emiliano Zapata dies in an ambush of the Government.
• 11 April: during the negotiations of the Versailles Treaty, the International Labour Organization was founded.
• 13 April: in Amritsar, India, British invading forces led by Reginald E. H. Dyer perpetrated the massacre of Amritsar: they machine gunshot a multitude of thousands of Sikh men, women and children, Hindus and unarmed Muslims, who were gathered in the garden of Jallianwala for the festival of Vaisakhi (New Year). They are killed about 1800, and there are several thousand wounded.
• April 15: In Peru, the first school of fine arts opened
• April 15: General Aureliano Blanquet is captured and executed in Veracruz.
• April 16: Mahatma Gandhi announces a day of “praying and fasting” in response to the massacre of Amritsar (India).

May

• 4 May: In Beijing, China, a nationalist demonstration against the transfer of German interests to Japan pointed to a new stage of development in China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic-bourgeois revolution, known as the "Movement of May 4.
• May 6: the Third Anglo-Afghan War begins.
• May 11: The Third American Cup Edition begins in Brazil.
• 14 May: Chile founded the University of Concepción
• 29 May:
  • Einstein's theory of relativity is confirmed
  • In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Finalizes the Americas Cup and the Brazilian Team is proclaimed champion for the first time after winning it for the minimum 1-0 difference to the Uruguay Selection.
• 30 May: in Argentina the sports magazine is founded The chart. It is currently the oldest sports publication in the country.

June

• June 15: The first transatlantic flight by John William Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown ends.
• June 18: In Alajuela, Costa Rica, one of the largest clubs in that country, the Alajuelense Sports League, was founded.
• 28 June:
  • In Paris, France, the Versailles Treaty is signed.
  • The International Labour Organization (ILO) is established as an agency of the League of Nations.

July

• 4 July: in Peru, President José Pardo is overthrown and what is known as "Oncenio de Leguía" is started.
• July 19: in Guanacaste (Costa Rica) followers of the dictator Pelico Tinoco burn the Salvadoran teacher Marcelino García Flamenco (30). Tinoco will be overthrown on August 20.

Two young whites kill an African American during the Chicago riots.

• July 27: In the city of Chicago (United States)—in the framework of the apartheid that will last until 1968 in that country—the racial disturbances of Chicago begin, which will end a week later with a balance of 38 African Americans killed by Euro-American citizens.

August

• August 6: in Milpa Alta (Mexico), Generals Everardo González Beltrán, Manuel Palafox and Tomás García, among others, proclaim the Alta Milpa Plan.
• August 11: The industrialist, businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie is considered the second richest person in history according to Forbes magazine.
• 12 August: in Costa Rica the dictator Pelico Tinoco leaves the country with 100 000 dollars (equivalent to several million dollars current) after a strike generated by the murder of the Salvadoran teacher Marcelino García Flamenco (30), burned alive by his beans.
• August 17:The hurricane of the cays where 408 people died who migrated to Cuba from the Canary Islands
• August 31: the economic failure and invasion of the Romanian troops provoked the fall of the Hungarian dictator Bela Kun.
• Iran: One Anglo-Persian Agreement proposed by the British aristocrat George Curzon establishes assimilable conditions to those of a British "protected" over Iran.

September

• September 10: The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed in Yvelines, France
• September 12: In Germany, Adolf Hitler is an observer for a DAP rally. During the tertulia with which the act ended, he took the floor to refute the arguments of a Bavarian separatist. His eloquence and arguments drew the attention of the party leaders and asked him to join.
• September 15: The Panamanian Society of Engineers and Architects, SPIA, a professional entity with a legal, non-profit entity based in the Republic of Panama. The SPIA brings together the Panamanian professionals of engineering and architecture, having among its purposes the technical improvement and professional success of its members, within the strictest rules of ethics, putting to the service of the homeland, the knowledge and knowledge of these professionals.
• 28-29 September: in Omaha, the United States—in the framework of apartheid that will end only in 1968—the racial disturbances of Omaha in 1919 occur.

A news published in a newspaper during the Elaine massacre: "Black people plan to kill all white people. The massacre was planned to begin with the murder of 21 prominent men as first victims."

• September 30: In the village of Elaine (state of Arkansas)—in the framework of apartheid that will last until 1968—Elaine Matanza happens: between 100 and 200 African Americans and 5 whites die.

October

• 7 October: In the Netherlands, the KLM airline was founded and became the first airline in the world.
• 17 October:
  • In Spain, King Alfonso XII officially opened the first line of the Madrid subway.
  • In Argentina (Santa Fe), the Faculty of Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry is created, together with the National University of the Litoral, and with it the career of Chemical Engineering, the first of its kind in Latin America.
• 29 October: the ILO Convention that limits working hours in the industry to eight days and forty-eight weeks is adopted in Washington.

November

• 11 November: in Germany the Weimar Constitution.
• November 19: The Versailles Treaty does not obtain the vote of ratification in the United States Senate. It will never be ratified by the United States.
• 27 November: the Treaty of Neuilly signed in Altos del Sena (France)

December

• December 5: it is founded in Barranquilla, Colombia, the first airline in America and the second airline worldwide, SCADTA that would later become Avianca.
• December 9, the film is released Feline Follies, being the first official appearance of the Felix Cat.
• December 22: In the United States, the Minister of Justice, Palmer, orders the arrest of communist members and anarchists in the face of the fear that there will be disturbances.

No known date

• Belgium acquires Rwanda and Burundi.
• Afghanistan is proclaimed an independent state.
• In Beijing a student demonstration is unleashed.
• Statute of the League of Nations.
• In Anekal, India, the sanscritologist Pandit Subbaraya Shastry (1866-1941), begins to compose through mediumship the Vaimanika-shastra (written about the Vimana flying ships); then he will claim that it is an “extremely ancient text composed of the wise Bharadwash”.

Music

• Manuel de Falla: The three-peak hat.
• Antón Rubinstein: Bonic fantasy (released in New York the following year).
• The Russian engineer Leon Teremín invents the teremín electronic musical instrument.

Art and literature

• Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio.
• André Breton and Philippe Soupault: Magnetic fields.
• Hermann Hesse: Demian.
• Federico García Lorca: The butterfly malice.
• Franz Kafka: A rural doctor, In the penitentiary colony.
• Juan Ramón Jiménez: Stone and sky.
• W. Somerset Maugham: The Moon and Six Pence.
• Virginia Woolf: Night and day.
• Ramón María del Valle-Inclán: Divine words.
• W. Gropius, German architect and others founded in Weimar la Bauhaus (modern art school).

Science and technology

• Ernest Rutherford gets the first artificial transmutation of elements with the help of nuclear radiations the nitrogen atom makes it an oxygen atom.
• Ernst Cassirer: the problem of knowledge in today's philosophy and science.
• John Maynard Keynes: The economic consequences of peace.
• Max Scheler: The Revolution of Values.
• José Alix Martínez patented the first pressure Olla in Spain.

Sports

• 18 March: Valencia (Spain) founded the Valencia Club of Football.
• Uruguayan Football Championship: National is dedicated champion for the seventh time.
• The Unió Esportiva Figueres is founded.
• The Club Atlético Central Córdoba is founded.
• The Cartagena Football Club is founded.
• The National Football Federation of Guatemala was founded.
• The Club Sportivo Desamparados de San Juan is founded.
• June 18: founded in Alajuela (Costa Rica) the Alajuelense Sports League
• February 23: Club Sport Dos de Mayo was founded in the city of Tarma in Peru.
• May 15: the Americas Sport Club is founded in the city of Mollendo in Peru.
• June 5: the Club Atlético Grau is founded in the city of Piura in Peru.
• July 27: the Sport Club Inclán is founded in the city of Mollendo in Peru.
• August 19: the Club Sport San Martín is founded in the city of Tumbes in Peru.
• October 12: The Ascopano Atlético Club is founded in the city of Ascope in Peru.
• October 19: the José Pardo Sport Club was founded in the city of Tumán in Peru.
• November 19: Club Jorge Chávez founded in the city of Sullana in Peru.
• December 8: The Club San Luis De Quillota was founded in the city of Quillota in Chile.

Births

January

• January 1: Jerome Salinger, American writer (f. 2010).
• January 5: Severino Gazzelloni, Italian flautist (f. 1992).
• 7 January: Julián Gállego Serrano, historian of Spanish art (f. 2006).
• 7 January: Menchu Gal, a Spanish painter (f. 2008).
• 7 January: Alessandro Natta, an Italian politician (f. 2001).
• January 13: Robert Stack, American actor (f. 2003).
• January 14: Giulio Andreotti, Italian politician (f. 2013).
• 15 January: Augusto Ferrando, Peruvian television presenter (f. 1999).
• January 17: Antonio Mingote, Spanish graphic humorist and language academic (f. 2012).
• January 19: Joan Brossa, Spanish poet and playwright (f. 1998).
• January 24: Juan Eduardo Zúñiga, Spanish writer (f. 2020).
• January 30: José Basso, pianist, director of orchestra and Argentine composer of tango (f. 1993).
• January 30: Enrique Jarnés Bergua, Spanish writer and writer (f. 1986).
• January 31: Jackie Robinson, American baseball player (f. 1972).

February

• February 9: Alejandro Durán, singer, composer and Colombian accordionist (f. 1989).
• February 10: Syria Poletti, writer íloargentina (f. 1991).
• February 12: Chola Luna, Argentine tango singer (f. 2015).
• February 12: Forrest Tucker, American actor (f. 1986).
• February 20: Luis Bedoya Reyes, a Peruvian politician (f. 2021).

March

• March 11: Mercer Ellington, American jazz musician (f. 1996)
• March 12: Miguel Gila, Spanish humorist (f. 2001).
• March 17: Nat King Cole, American jazz musician (f. 1965).
• March 24: Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American poet (f. 2021).

April

• April 2: Delfo Cabrera, Argentine athlete (f. 1981).
• April 8: Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (f. 2007).
• April 15: Alberto Breccia, Argentine historietist of Uruguayan origin (f. 1993).
• April 17: Chavela Vargas, Costa Rican singer (f. 2012).
• April 18: Rolando Chaves (Dagoberto Cochia), Argentinean actor and libretist (f. 1995).
• April 19: Antonio Amat, a Spanish socialist leader (f. 1979).
• April 19: Adalberto de León Soto, Guatemalan sculptor (f. 1957).
• April 21: Rosario Sánchez Mora, a republican militia of the Spanish civil war (f. 2008).

May

• May 3: Pete Seeger, American folk singer (f. 2014).
• 7 May: Eva Perón, Argentinian Policy (f. 1952).
• May 10: Eugenio Suárez Gómez, Spanish journalist (f. 2014).
• May 17: Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (f. 2007).
• May 18: Margot Fonteyn, British ballet dancer (f. 1991).

June

• June 21: Nelson Gonçalves, Brazilian musician (f. 1998).
• June 29: Ernesto Corripio Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (f. 2008).

July

• 2 July: Carlos Román, Colombian singer (f. 1973)
• July 6: Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor (f. 2007).
• July 8: Walter Scheel, German president (f. 2016).
• July 16: Choi Kyu-hah, South Korean President (f. 2006).
• July 20: Edmund Hillary, New Zealander and explorer (f. 2008).
• July 21: Nuto Revelli, Italian writer (f. 2004).
• July 23: Héctor Germán Oesterheld, writer and Argentine hysterist (f. 1978).
• July 27: Pastor Serrador, an Argentine actor in Spain (f. 2006).
• July 31: Primo Levi, Italian writer (f. 1987).

August

• August 2: Angel Palomino Jiménez, Spanish writer and journalist (f. 2004).
• August 8: Oscar Hurtado, a Cuban science fiction writer (f. 1977).
• August 9: Emilio Vedova, Italian painter and engraver (f. 2006).
• August 10: Carlos Humberto Toledo, footballer and Guatemalan coach (f. 1980).
• 11 August: Ginette Neveu, a French violinist (f. 1949).
• August 19: Joaquín Soler Serrano, journalist, editor and Spanish television presenter (f. 2010).
• August 22: Juan Manuel Rodríguez (v.)
• August 25: George Wallace, American politician (f. 1998).
• August 27: Paco Jamandreu, designer and Argentine actor (f. 1995).
• August 27: Haydée Vallino de Lemos, an Argentine human rights activist (f. 2020).

September

• September 2: Luz Méndez de la Vega, writer, journalist, actress and Guatemalan poetess (f. 2012).
• September 8: Paco Puertas, a Spanish painter (f. 2012).
• September 15: Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist (f. 1960).
• September 19: Tom Ebbert, American jazz thrombonist (f. 2013).
• September 21: Mario Bunge, Argentine philosopher (f. 2020).
• September 24: Francisco García Pavón, Spanish writer (f. 1989).
• September 26: Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (f. 2012).

October

• October 3: James M. Buchanan, American economist (f. 2013).
• October 10: José Luis Hidalgo, Spanish poet (f. 1947).
• October 12: André Casanova, French composer (f. 2009).
• 13 October: Mary Carrillo, Spanish actress (f. 2009).
• October 18: Pierre Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister (f. 2000).
• October 22: Doris Lessing, British writer. (f. 2013).
• 26 October: Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, Iranian ruler (f. 1980).

November

• 1 November: Hermann Bondi, Austrian physicist and mathematician (f. 2005).
• 4 November: Martin Balsam, American actor (f. 1996).
• 4 November: Carlos Velasco Pérez, Mexican writer, historian and journalist (f. 2004).
• 10 November: Mikhail Kaláshnikov, a military and Soviet weapon designer (f. 2013).
• 10 November: José María Caffarel, Spanish actor (f. 1999).
• November 15: Concepción Zendrera Tomás, editor and Spanish translator (f. 2020).
• November 17: Raimundo Chela, a Venezuelan mathematician (f. 1984).
• 22 November: Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago, theologian and beato Puertorriqueño (f. 1963).
• November 23: Mario Montilles, Chilean actor (f. 2012).
• November 23: Cláudio Santoro, Brazilian composer (f. 1989).

December

• 2 December: Ruy Barbosa Popolizio, Chilean acronym (f. 2014).
• 2 December: Alvaro Carrillo, Mexican singer and composer of Boleros (f. 1969).
• December 5: Guido Gorgatti, an Argentine actor of Italian origin.
• 10 December: Sesto Bruscantini, bass and baritone Italian (f. 2003).
• December 10: Alexander Courage, American composer (f. 2008).
• December 10: Esther Forero, Colombian singer (f. 2011).
• 10 December: Vicentico Valdés, Cuban singer (f. 1995).
• 13 December: Alceu Ribeiro, painter, sculptor and Uruguayan muralist (f. 2013).
• December 24: Pierre Soulages, painter (f.2022).

No known date

• Bapu Sahib, politician and Indian viceroy.

Deaths

• January 6: Theodore Roosevelt, 26th American President (n. 1858).
• 15 January: Karl Liebknecht, a German political and socialist leader (n. 1871).
• January 15: Rosa Luxemburg, a German activist and revolutionary (n. 1870).
• February 3: Edward Charles Pickering, American astronomer (n. 1846).
• March 14: León Guruciaga, teacher, journalist and Argentine writer of Basque origin (n. 1848).
• April 10: Emiliano Zapata, a Mexican revolutionary (n. 1873).
• 4 April: Francisco Marto, a Portuguese pastor, the Virgin of Fatima (n. 1908).
• May 14: Henry John Heinz, American businessman (n. 1844).
• May 17: José Santos Zelaya, Nicaraguan President (n. 1853).
• May 24: Amado Nervo, Mexican poet (n. 1870).
• 4 June: Augusto González Besada, Spanish politician (n. 1865).
• 10 June: Medardo Angel Silva, Ecuadorian poet (n. 1898).
• June 29: José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan doctor (n. 1864).
• June 30: John William Strutt, British physicist, nobel physics award in 1904 (n. 1842).
• July 15: Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, nobel chemistry award in 1902 (n. 1852).
• July 19: Walter Brack, German swimmer (n. 1880).
• July 19: Marcelino García Flamenco (30), a Salvadoran teacher who was burned alive by the dictatorship of Pelico Tinoco (n. 1888).
• August 9: Ernst Haeckel, a naturalist and a German philosopher (n. 1834).
• August 9: Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (n. 1857).
• August 11: Andrew Carnegie, industrial and philoanthropist Scottish-American (n. 1835).
• September 12: Leonid Andréyev, Russian writer (n. 1871).
• 2 October: Victorino de la Plaza, president of Argentina between 1914 and 1916 (n. 1840).
• October 6: Ricardo Palma, Peruvian writer (n. 1833).
• 13 October: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, playwright and Danish novelist, nobel prize of literature in 1917 (n. 1857).
• 2 November: Abraham Valdelomar, a Peruvian journalist and writer (n. 1888).
• November 15: Alfred Werner, Swiss chemist, nobel chemistry award in 1913 (n. 1866).
• November 22: Francisco Pascasio Moreno, scientist, naturalist and Argentine explorer (n. 1852).
• November 26: Felipe Angeles, Mexican military (n. 1868).
• 3 December: Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (n. 1841).

Nobel laureates

• Physics: Johannes Stark.
• Chemistry: destined to the special fund of this section of the award.
• Medicine: Jules Bordet.
• Literature: Carl Spitteler.
• Peace: Woodrow Wilson.