1870s

From the left, in the sense of the needles of the clock: the conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia that led to the Franco-Prussian War in 1870; a fire in Chicago kills about 300 people and leaves another 100,000 homeless people in 1871; The Print, the nascent sun of Claude Monet is recognized as the source of inspiration for the Impressionist movement; the army of the United States is defeated by

The 1870s was a decade that began on January 1, 1870, and ended on December 31, 1879.

It continued the trends of the previous decade, as new empires, based on imperialism and militarism, rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War. Germany was unified in 1871 and its Second Reich began. Unions and strikes occurred around the world by the end of the decade, and continued until World War I.

Events

• Fundación del Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE).
• Franco-Prussian War.
• Battle of Little Bighorn: Death of General George Armstrong Custer in front of the Sioux troops of Crazy Horse.
• 1871: January 2, Spain: Amadeo I swears the constitution and accedes to the throne.
• 1873: 8 September: in Spain, Emilio Castelar is elected president of the Spanish Republic in replacement of Nicolás Salmerón, resigned the day before.
• 1874: 3 January: in Madrid (Spain), General Pavia enters the Courts and perpetrates a coup d'etat, ending the First Spanish Republic.
• 1875: Napoleon III orders the construction of the Garnier operation to the architect Charles Garnier.
• 1877: Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
• 1878: Leo XIII happens to Pius IX as a Pope.
• In Spain there are transcendent political events: after the reign of Amadeo de Saboya (1870-1873), the I República (1873) is proclaimed. The instability of the new regime led to the restoration of the monarchy in the Borbon family (Alfonso XII) following the pronouncement of Sagunto (Valencia) by General Arsenio Martínez Campos in December 1874. The King appointed Antonio Cánovas del Castillo as Prime Minister (1875), who wrote the Constitution of 1876 that was in force until 1931 (except the dictatorial period of 1923-1930).
• Benito Pérez Galdós writes the first series of the National Episodes. It also publishes, among others, La Fontana de Oro (1870), Doña Perfecta (1876) and Marianela (1878).
• Third Carlist War (1872-1876) among the supporters of the dynastic line in the figure of Alfonso XII and the supporters of the sálica line (Carlos María de Borbón).
• End of the War of the Triple Alliance: Paraguay against Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
• Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878).
• Pacific War (1879-1884).

Important characters

• Juan Prim (Spanish military and political).
• Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (Spanish politician).
• Amadeo de Saboya (rey de España).
• Nicolás Salmerón (president of the Spanish Republic).
• Francisco Pi i Margall (president of the Spanish I Republic).
• Jeanne Louise Calment (French citizen who became the longest recorded person in history).
• Victor Manuel II (king of Italy).
• Otto von Bismarck.
• Arsenio Martínez Campos (Spanish military).
• Alfonso XII (king of Spain).
• Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (Spanish Prime Minister).
• Ulysses Simpson Grant (18th President of the United States).
• Benito Pérez Galdós (Spanish writer).
• Leopoldo Alas, "Clarín" (Spanish writer).
• José de Echegaray (Spanish politician and playwright).
• Arthur Conan Doyle (Scottish writer of police novels. Creator of the character of Sherlock Holmes.
• Julio Argentino Roca (military, senator, minister and Argentine president).
• Nicolas Avellaneda (president, senator and Argentine minister).

Technical and scientific advances

• Invention of the dynamo.
• Crookes tube invention.
• Phone invention.
• Development of Maxwell's equations.
• Invention of the phonograph