1860

1860 (MDCCCLX) was a leap year beginning on a Sunday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Events

Map of the world in the years 1859 and 1860.

January

• January 1st: Spanish victory in the battle of the Castillejos.
• 2nd of January: in Spain, the first copy of the newspaper is released The Spanish Thought.

February

• 4 February: the Battle of Tetuán takes place, in which Spanish forces defeat the Moorish kabilas.
• 6 February: Number one of the first Moroccan newspaper appears, The Eco de Tetuándirected by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón.
• February 8: Mexico, in the former Pueblo de Escuinapa, was unleashed a struggle between conservatives and liberals, the Pueblo de Escuinapa was defended by Antonio Rosales as head of the liberal troops, while the conservative forces were commanded by Manuel Lozada and General García de la Cadena.

March

• March 23: Battle of Wad-Ras, which puts an end to the war in Africa, won by the Spanish troops, led by O'Donnell, and in which Prim covered himself with glory.

April

• April 1st: Carlist disembarkation of San Carlos de la Rápita.
• April 3: United States: The postal service of the Pony Express is opened.
• 26 April: in Tetuán, Spain and Morocco they sign a "Treaty of Peace and Friendship" by which Morocco accepts Spanish sovereignty over the future Ifni.

May

July

• 8 July: the first locomotive of the North Railway arrives at Valladolid (Spain).
• July 18: the total eclipse of July 18, 1860 is visible from Europe.

August

• August 13: José Ignacio Pavón assumes the presidency of Mexico as his thirtieth president.
• August 15: In Mexico Miguel Miramón assumes the presidency for the second time.

September

• 7 September: The red shirts Garibaldi occupy Naples. End of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• September 12: In the city of Trujillo (Honduras), the army shot American adventurer William Walker, who had taken over Nicaragua.
• September 26: in Ecuador, Gabriel García Moreno assumes as president.

October

• October 18: The Beijing Convention puts an end to the Second Opium War.

November

• November 6: United States presidential elections of 1860. President James Buchanan does not present himself to re-election and declares a Democratic candidate to John C. Breckinridge. Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln wins the elections comfortably with 180 electoral votes in front of 123 Democrats. Lincoln is the first Republican to agree to the presidency of the country.

December

• December 20: The South Carolina Assembly declares its union with the United States dissolved, resulting in the War of Secession.
• In December, Cynthia Ann Parker, the mother of Quanah Parker, was abducted by a group of Texas rangers.

Unknown dates

• Aigun Treaty: China concedes to Russia much of Manchuria, setting the current border between these two countries.
• The Pontifical States are reduced to Lazio.
• In Ecuador, Gabriel García Moreno stands in dictator.
• Between 1860 and 1861, Chile is going through an economic crisis.

Art and literature

• On December 1, 1860, Charles Dickens began to publish as a series his novel Great Hopes.

Births

January

Katō Takaaki

Charles Curtis

• January 3: Katō Takaaki, Japanese politician and vigesimocuarto Prime Minister of Japan (f. 1926).
• 25 January: Charles Curtis, Congressman and Senator of Kansas and 31.♪ Vice President of the United States (f. 1936).
• January 29: Antón Chéjov, Russian writer and playwright (f. 1904)

February

• February 10: Valère Bernard, poet, sculptor and French engraver. (f. 1936)

March

• March 19: William Bryan, American politician (f. 1925)
• 29 March: Christen Christiansen Raunkiær, Danish botanist (f. 1938)

May

• May 9: James Matthew Barrie, British novelist and playwright (f. 1937)
• 17 May: Tomás García Sampedro, Spanish Artistic Artist (f. 1937)
• 17 May: Martin Kukučín, Slovak writer (f. 1928)
• May 20: Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907.
• May 20: José Bernardino Ortega, an Argentine politician.
• 21 May: Willem Einthoven, Dutch doctor, Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 (f. 1927)
• May 23: José María Vargas Vila, Colombian writer (f. 1933)
• May 29: Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (f. 1909)
• May 31: Walter Richard Sickert, British impressionist painter of German origin (f. 1942)

June

• June 24: María de las Mercedes de Orleans, Spanish monarch (f. 1878)

July

Lizzie Borden

• 7 July: Gustav Mahler, Austrian musician, composer and orchestra director (f. 1911)
• July 14: Owen Wister, American writer (f. 1938).
• July 16: Félicien Menu de Ménil, a propagandist of the French Esperanto (f. 1930).
• July 19: Lizzie Borden, suspected of US murder (f. 1927).

August

Annie Oakley

• 4 August: Remigio Crespo Toral, writer and Ecuadorian poet (f. 1939)
• August 13: Annie Oakley, famous American shooter (f. 1926)
• August 16: Toles Laforgue, French Symbolist critic and poet (f. 1887)
• August 20: Raymond Poincaré, French politician, president between 1913 and 1920 (f. 1934)
• August 22: Paul Nipkow, German engineer (f. 1940).
• August 26: Luis Siret, Spanish archaeologist (f. 1934)
• August 26: Julia Wernicke, Argentine painter and engraver (f. 1932).

September

• September 6: Jane Addams, American sociologist, Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 (f. 1935)
• September 18: Rafael Berenguer Castillo, Valencian sculptor (f. 1890)

October

• October 28: Jigorō Kanō, Japanese martial artist, founder of kodokan Judo (f. 1938)

November

• 20 November: José Figueroa Alcorta, Argentine politician (f. 1931)
• 23 November: Karl Hjalmar Branting, Swedish politician, Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 (f. 1925)

December

Joseph Cook

• 7 December: Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (f. 1947).
• December 15: Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish doctor, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1903 (f. 1904)
• 31 December: Ovidio Rebaudi, born in Asunción, Paraguay, writer, chemical, researcher and scientist (f. 1931)

Unknown dates

• Edward Herbert Thompson, American archaeologist and consul in Yucatan, Mexico.

Deaths

• January 5: Juan Nepomuceno Neumann (48), Czech bishop in the United States (n. 1811)
• January 27: János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (n. 1802)
• April 18: Jaime Ortega y Olleta, Spanish General (n. 1816)

Anna Isabella Noel Byron

• 12 May: Charles Barry, British architect (n. 1795)
• 16 May: Anna Isabella Noel Byron, English aristocrat (n. 1792)
• July 5: Hilario Lagos (53), an Argentine military who participated in the civil wars of his country in the Argentine federal army against the unitaries of Buenos Aires (n. 1806).

Arthur Schopenhauer

• September 11: William Walker, American adventurer (n. 1824)
• 21 September: Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (n. 1788)
• September 30: Juan Rafael Mora Porras, president of Costa Rica between 1849 and 1865.
• 31 October: Thomas Cochrane, politician and British naval adventurer (n. 1775)
• 1 November: Carlotta de Prussia, wife of Nicholas I of Russia and Empress of Russia.

Unknown dates

• Juan Agustín Mayor Bascuñán, Chilean senator.
• Ansina (Joaquín Lenzina), a military and poet of Afrouruguayo, assistant of José Gervasio Artigas (n. 1760).