1847

1847 (MDCCCXLVII) was a common year beginning on a Friday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

• January 13: In North America, the Cahuenga Treaty represents the capitulation of Mexican Californians to the Americans and the end of the war in the Alta California area.

February

• 9 February: In Tahiti, after the conquest of the island by France at the end of 1846, Queen Pōmare IV returns to Papeete and is re-established in her rights under a French protectorate, although with her limited powers.
• 17 February: In Spain, in the framework of the second Carlist War, the fierce Carlist Canon, Benito Tristany, Mosén Benet, ambushed a liberal army of about a thousand men, near Cervera, with the result of about six hundred dead men and more than two hundred shot prisoners.
• 22 and 23 February: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, there is a battle of the Angostura or Battle of Buena Vista, on the mountain pass of La Angostura, near the Hacienda Buenavista, on the road from Saltillo to San Luis, between the Mexican army of Santa Anna and the American of Zachary Taylor. After two days of fierce struggle with many casualties on both sides, General Santa Anna decided to withdraw from what seemed like a Mexican victory. The American advance stopped in the north.
• 27 February: In Haiti, the death of President Jean-Baptiste Riché, and election on 1 March of Faustin Elie Soulouque as the new president of the Republic, which will appear as a dictator. In 1849 the Senate will proclaim the Second Empire of Haiti, and General Soulouque will be proclaimed emperor as Faustino I of Haiti, and will rule until he is deposed in 1859.
• February: In the German Confederation, in the face of the social tensions and economic difficulties of the artisans and peasants, Federico Guillermo IV de Prussia convenes a Unitarian Diet with representatives of eight provinces to study a possible political reform, which was dissolved in June by not accepting the monarch a written constitution and that the deputies had legislative functions.

March

• March 1: In Venezuela, José Tadeo Monagas accedes to the presidency in Caracas, and begins the decade of government of the Monagas brothers, a decade marked by personalism, corruption and authoritarianism, while also some economic and social liberal changes.
• March 13: In Mexico—in the framework of the American Invasion War—the port of Alvarado capitulates to the invading army.
• 21 March
  • In Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna holds the presidency for the ninth time.
  • In Central America, General Captain Rafael Carrera and Turcios establishes the Republic of Guatemala.
• March 29: In Mexico, in the framework of the Mexican-American war, the port of Veracruz surrenders after the disembarkation of American General Winfield Scott on March 27, and the bloody bombing of those two days that caused numerous civilian casualties. The aim was to open a second front and begin the invasion of Mexico City to reach the capital.

April

• 2 April: in Mexico, Pedro María Anaya assumes the presidency.
• April 15: In Vietnam, the attack of two ships from the French navy led by Commander Lapierre to the port of Tourane (now Đà Nŭng), in response to the expulsion of Catholic missionaries by Emperor Thieu Tri, sinking 5 Vietnamese warships and killing 1200 men.

May

• 4 May: in Spain, two detonations occurred at the pass of the carriage of Queen Isabel II motivate two days later the arrest of Angel la Riva as alleged perpetrator of the attempted regicide.
• May 8: In Japan, the estimated M7.4 Zenko-ji earthquake in the Richter seismic scale is recorded, with its epicenter under the current city of Nagano, which left at least 8,600 dead as well as thousands of ruined homes and landslides.
• 20 May: in Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna holds the presidency for the tenth time.
• May 23: In Canada, ship's arrival Jane Black to Toronto from Limerick, the first of a massive arrival of Irish immigrants after the 1845-1847 Great Hunger in Ireland. Between May and October 38,560 Irishmen arrived in Toronto, when the city's population was 20,000. At the end of the year, 1,186 immigrants had died and were buried in Toronto.

June

• June 3: the first shipment of Chinese culis, in a semi-slavery regime, arrives in Cuba.
• 8 June: In Great Britain, the enactment of the law limiting the working hours of women and adolescents aged 13 to 18 in the industry, 11h a day and 63h a week from 1 July 1847, and 10h a day and 58h a week from 1 May 1848.
• June 16: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, in the framework of the American blockade of the ports of the Gulf of Mexico, the fall of San Juan Bautista (now Villahermosa, capital of Tabasco) in the second battle of Tabasco, before the Comodoro Matthew C. Perry.
• June 25: Pope Pius IX creates the diocese of Melbourne in Australia, currently Archdiocese of Melbourne.
• 29 June: In the Kingdom of Portugal, signature of the Gramido Convention which consecrates the end of the civil war between the conservative government of Mary II and the progressive Porto Board, after the Spanish-British military intervention led by General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha in favor of the queen. On June 30, the Spanish troops occupied Porto.

July

• 2 July: In the Kingdom of Portugal, after reproving Gramido Convention of 29 June for some aspects of form and substance, is signed Lisbon Protocol to end the civil war. The allied representatives and the Portuguese government of Queen Mary II considered necessary the presence of the Spanish army, until they were relegated back to Spain on August 11.
• July 22: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, after a month of guerrilla warfare, Mexicans managed to get Americans to leave the city of San Juan Bautista (now Villahermosa) in Tabasco, although in their retreat they will burn much of the city.
• 26 July
  • In the Yucatan, in the atrium of the church of Santa Ana, in Valladolid, Mexico, the government passes through arms to the Mayan independence leader Manuel Antonio Ay, Cacique de Chichimilá. The other leaders of the rebellion, Cecilio Chi, Tepich cacique, and Jacinto Pat, Tihosuco cacique, accelerate their actions, which triggers the War of Castas, until 1901.
  • In West Africa, the colony created by the Americans for former liberated African slaves, Liberia, is independent of the ACS (American Colonization Society) and is proclaimed as a free and independent republic, being recognized by France and Britain the following year, and by the United States in 1862. The ruling amric-liberians accounted for 5 per cent of the population, and marginalized 95 per cent of the remaining indigenous population to 1902.
• July 28: In the United States, Brigham Young, successor of Joseph Smith, founder of the movement of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, founded the city of Salt Lake City, in the Utah Valley where he had arrived on July 24 with 148 pioneer Mormons (143 men, 3 women and 3 children) after 17 months of travel from Nauvoo, Illinois.
• July 30: In the Yucatan, in the framework of the Castas War that will last until 1901, after the execution of Manuel Antonio Ay on the 26th in Valladolid, the Mayan Cacique Cecilio Chi asalta Tepich murdering 30 families of neighbors at the cry of the whites diekilling those who were not Indians, that is, white, mixed and mulatto. The intention of the uprising was to end the white and proclaim the independence of the Indians.

August

• August 19: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, Padierna's battle was waged on the outskirts of Mexico City, between the Mexican Army of the North of General Gabriel Valencia and the American army of General Winfield Scott, with the victory of the latter and some 2800 Mexican casualties.
• August 20: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, the battle of Churubusco was waged, among the Mexican forces in retreat of Padierna’s battle of Generals M. J. Rincón and Pedro María Anaya, who had taken refuge in the Convent of Santa María de Churubusco and the Americans of General Winfield Scott and D. E. Twiggs, who were six times more numerous, with the victory.
• August 27: in Mexico—in the framework of the U.S. invasion, General Antonio López de Santa Anna confers on General Nicolás Bravo (71) the command of Chapultepec to organize the defense of the castle against the American invaders.

September

• September 8: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, the battle of the King’s Mill is waged on the outskirts of Mexico City, between the Mexican army of Santa Anna and the American of Winfield Scott, with the victory of the latter, and more than 700 dead on both sides.
• 13 September
  • In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, in the village of San Jacinto, they are mass executed by the order of General Winfield Scott, the Irish members of the San Patricio Mexican battalion, who had captured during the battle of Churubusco.
  • In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, the battle of Chapultepec was waged in the vicinity of Mexico City, where there was a Military College, among the Mexican forces commanded by General Nicolás Bravo, and the American forces of Winfield Scott, with victory of the latter. The six "Hero Boys" cadets stand out, who died in the defense of Chapultepec Castle.
• September 15: In Mexico, during the Mexican-American war, and after the victory of Chapultepec, the American troops of General Winfield Scott occupy Mexico City and in the Plaza de la Constitución the flag of the bars and stars.
• September 16: in Mexico City, Santa Anna resigns from the presidency and the president of the Supreme Court of Justice Manuel de la Peña and Peña, holds the presidency as the eighteenth president.

October

• October 5: In Vietnam, after the death of Emperor Thieu Tri, his son will take the name of Emperor Tu-Duc, will be the fourth of the Nguyen dynasty, and will reign until his death in 1883, with a conservative policy, isolationism and persecution of Christian missionaries.
• 9 October: In the Small Antilles of the Caribbean, the abolition of slavery on the island of San Bartolomé, administered by Sweden (now belonging to France).

November

• November 3-29: In Switzerland, the Sonderbund War breaks out, a civil war between the Catholic cantons of the Sonderbund (Lucerna, Fribourg, Valais, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug) and the centralized Protestant power of the Helvetic Confederation. There was a rapid victory of the army of the Federal Diet, the expulsion of the Jesuits, and the secularization of administration, justice and education.
• 13 November: In Mexico, Pedro María Anaya holds the presidency for the second time.

December

• 23 December: In French Algeria, after a 15-year struggle, there is the capitulation of Abd al-Qadir before the powerful French army of General Lamoricière, ending the Emirate of Abdalqadir and the region becomes the barn of France.

Culture and Society

• 4 April: in Barcelona, Spain, the Gran Teatro Del Liceu is inaugurated.
• April 18: In Seville, Spain, the first commercial April Fair was opened with nineteen houses.
• September 19: The National Autonomous University of Honduras was founded in Tegucigalpa (Honduras).

Posts

• December 15: In Turin, the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the foundation of the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento by the Italian state man Conde de Cavour, where he defended the unification of Italy and saved it from Austrian domination without resorting to violence. It will give name to a whole time of the history of Italy.

Art and literature

Painting and Sculpture

Architecture

Literature

• January: Beginning of publication in London in the magazine Punch of the novel The vanities fair by writer William Makepeace Thackeray in 20 deliveries, which will end in July 1848. The novel satirizes British society in the early nineteenth century.
• May: Paris publication of the work Cousin Pons by the writer Honoré de Balzac, written between June 1846 and May 1847, and previously appeared as a folletin in the newspaper Le Constitutionnel. This novel forms along with Cousin Bette section Poor relatives of Human comedy. It was also published this year Splendour and misery of the courtiers and The deputy of Arcisintegrated in this last work.
• July: Publication in Brussels and Paris at the same time, of the work The misery of philosophy of Karl Marx, written in French, exposing his economic and philosophical arguments in response to the publication of Philosophy of Misery of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
• August 16: London publication of the work Jane Eyre by the writer Charlotte Brontë, under the pseudonym of Currer Bell. It was the author's second novel, of a romantic, slightly autobiographical style and shows a special concern for women, their social role and the Victorian class.
• December: London publication of the work Borrascosa Summits by the writer Emily Brontë, under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell. It was the author's only novel, influenced by romance and Gothic fiction.
• Published in Paris by the editor Chamerot, of the first two volumes of the historical work History of the French Revolution from the historian Jules Michelet. In total it will be seven tomos, which will be edited in 1853.

Music

Science and technology

• December 1st: A unified schedule is set for the whole of Britain, which passes to have the same time throughout the island. This idea will then be moved to the rest of the world creating the various time zones.

Astronomy

Math

Medicine

Chemistry

Technology

• Gustave Robert Kirchhoff establishes the laws of electric current forklift.
• 12 October: Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske founded the company Telegraphen Bauanstalt von Siemens " Halske (today, Siemens AG).
• May 8: The Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson obtains in the United States the patent of his car rubber tire, having patented it in 1845 in the United Kingdom, and in 1846 in France. This tire was presented publicly this year in Regent's Park in London.

Scientific Awards

Births

January

• January 6: Ricardo Zamacois, Spanish actor and singer (f. 1888).
• 7 January: Aleksandr Karpinski, paleontologist, Russian geologist and professor, president for 20 years of the Russian Academy of Sciences (f. 1936).
• January 13: Domingo Godoy Cruz, Chilean lawyer, diplomat and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cult and Colonization of Chile (f. 1916).
• 18 January:
  • Gertrudis Comensoli, Italian Catholic religious, canonized in 2009 (f. 1903).
  • József Dobos, cook, businessman, author and Hungarian pie maker, creator of the Tarta Dobos (f. 1924).
• January 21: Joseph Le Bel, a French chemist, precursor of stereochemicals (f. 1930).
• January 26: John Bates Clark, an American economist, pioneer of Marginalism and opposed to the institutional economy (f. 1938).

February

• February 3: Blas Escontría y Bustamante, Ingeniero y política mexicano, Gobernador de San Luis Potosí, y Secretario de Fomento e Industria (f. 1906).
• February 6: Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, American architect, author of the Dakota building, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and the Plaza Hotel (f. 1918).
• February 11: Thomas Alva Edison American businessman, inventor of the phonograph, electric light bulb and kinetograph (f. 1931).
• 13 February:
  • Clélia Barbieri, an Italian religious, founder of the Little Sisters of Our Lady of Dolores, and canonized in 1989 (f. 1870).
  • Charlotte Jacobs, Dutch feminist and pharmaceutical, founder of Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht in the Dutch East Indies (f. 1916).
  • Erich von Kielmansegg, Austrian statesman, stadtholder of Lower Austria and Minister President of the Austria-Hungary Cyslenia (f. 1923).
• 16 February:
  • Karl Bücher, a German economist, founder of the non-market economy and journalism as an academic discipline (f. 1930).
  • Carl von Horn, Bavarian General Colonel and Minister of the Bavarian War (f. 1923).
  • Arthur Kinnaird, British footballer and banker, winner of five FA Cup, and president of the English Football Association for 33 years (f. 1923).
• 20 February: Emmanuel Damoye, French landscape painter of the Barbizon School (f. 1916).
• February 28: Salomon Eberhard Henschen, a Swedish neurologist known for his studies on aphasia and discalculia (f. 1930).

March

• March 3: Alexander Graham Bell, a scientist, logoper and American inventor of British origin, who contributed to the progress of telecommunications (f. 1922).
• March 4: Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemical, inventor of the Bayer process to extract allumina from bauxite, to obtain aluminum (f. 1904).
• March 8: Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo, lawyer and Dominican politician, president of the Dominican Republic between 1878 and 1879 (f. 1885).
• March 10: Melitón Carvajal, militar y política peruano, Ministro de Hacienda y Comercio, de Guerra y Marina, y Segundo Vice-President del Perú (f. 1935).
• 12 March:
  • Josip Belušić, professor of Croatian physics and mathematics, inventor of the speedometer (f. 1905).
  • José Ferrándiz and Niño, Spanish military and political, Minister of Marina of Spain (f. 1918).
• March 19: Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, American geologist and chemist, father of the geochemistry that calculated the composition of the earth's crust (f. 1931).
• 25 March: Pedro José Escalón, Salvadoran politician, President of the Republic of El Salvador (f. 1923).
• March 27: Otto Wallach, German chemical, nobel chemistry award in 1910 (f. 1931).

April

• April 1st: Jules Crevaux, French doctor and soldier, explorer of French Guiana, the Amazon and the Bolivian Chaco (f. 1882).
• April 15: Máximo Santos, Uruguayan President (f. 1889).
• April 26: Cleto Zavala, Spanish composer (f. 1912).

May

• May 11: Godefroid Kurth, Belgian historian (f. 1916).
• May 22: Modesto Andlauer, missionary French Jesuit priest in China, martyr during the return of the Boxers, and canonized in 2000 (f. 1900).

June

• 11 June: Millicent Fawcett, a feminist, political and British writer, founder of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (f. 1929).
• June 28: Julius Heinrich Franz, a German astronomer who named a series of lunar seas, such as the East Sea (f. 1913).

July

• 2 July: Marcel Bertrand, a mine engineer and a French geologist, founder of modern tectonic (f. 1907).
• July 11: Juan M. Garro, lawyer, judge. Argentine historian and politician, Minister of Justice and Public Instruction of Argentina (f. 1927).
• July 13: Leopoldina of Braganza, Brazilian aristocrat (f. 1871).
• July 20: Max Liebermann, Judeo-German Impressionist painter, who led the avant-garde painting for more than 30 years (f. 1935).
• July 30: José Bernardo Iturraspe, an Argentine businessman and politician, governor of the province of Santa Fe (f. 1906).

August

• August 11: Harry Barron, British officer, governor of Tasmania and Western Australia (f. 1921).

September

• September 3: James Hannington, an English missionary, the first Anglican bishop in East Africa, martyr and saint (f. 1885).
• September 5: Jesse James, an American outlaw, a member of the James-Younger assailants band (f. 1882).
• September 6: Saturnino Esteban Collantes, journalist and Spanish politician, Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts of Spain (f. 1937).
• 7 September: Fadrique Gutiérrez, sculptor, painter, architect and military from Costa Rica, author of the Fortin de Heredia (f. 1897).
• September 11: Antonio Batres Jáuregui, lawyer, historian and Guatemalan diplomat, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Guatemala (f. 1929).
• 12 September: Carl Flügge, German bacteriologist and hygienist, discoverer of the drops of Flügge (f. 1923).
• September 15: Tadeusz Browicz, Polish pathologist, discoverer of the thiophoid fever and Kupffer cells in the liver (f. 1928).
• 22 September: Enrique Almaraz Santos, Spanish ecclesiastical, Bishop of Palencia, Archbishop of Seville, Cardinal and Primate of Toledo (f. 1922).

October

• October 1st: Annie Besant, a British feminist and theosophist, co-founder of the Hindu University of Benarés, and president of the National Indian Congress (f. 1933).
• 2 October:
  • Angel Aznar and Butigieg, Spanish politician and military, Minister of the War of the Kingdom of Spain (f. 1924).
  • Paul von Hindenburg, German military and statesman, Chief of Staff, and President of Germany between 1925 and 1934 (f. 1934).
• October 10: Francisco de Borja Canella Secades, Spanish military, Héroe de Sao del Indio (f. 1906).
• October 17: Chiquinha Gonzaga, composer, pianist and director of Brazilian orchestra, first woman to compose and play choro (f. 1935).

November

• 2 November: Georges Sorel, French philosopher (f. 1922).
• 8 November:
  • Jean Casimir-Perier, French businessman and politician, President of the Third French Republic (f.1907).
  • Praxedis de la Peña García, attorney, businessman and Mexican politician, governor of Coahuila (f. 1926).
  • Bram Stoker, Irish writer (f. 1912).

December

• 16 December: Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, a French military officer responsible for espionage for Germany, charged to Officer Dreyfus (f. 1923).
• 21 December: M. Maryan, French writer (f. 1927).
• December 26: Hans Gross, Austrian criminal jurist, founder of the criminalist and the development of criminal profiles (f. 1915).
• 30 December:
  • John Peter Altgeld, American politician, Governor of Illinois of German origin (f. 1902).
  • Carlos Antúnez González, Chilean politician, Minister of War and Marina, and the Interior of Chile (f. 1897).

Unknown date

• Maria Beasley, American businessman, inventor of a machine to manufacture barrels and the first modern lifeboat (f. 1904).
• Emma Louise Call, an American physician, discoverer of Call-Exner's bodies, related to ovarian cancers (f. 1937).
• Two Moons, Cheyene warrior who participated in the battle of Little Bighorn and was head of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reserve (f. 1917).

Deaths

February

Esteban de Antuñano.

Felix Mendelssohn.

• 19 February: José Joaquín de Olmedo, was an Ecuadorian poet, lawyer and politician (n. 1780).

March

• March 7: Estéban de Antuñano, founder of the Mexican textile industry (n. 1792).
• March 27: Francesco Zola, Italian engineer and military (n. 1795).

May

• May 14: Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist (n. 1805).
• 29 May: Emmanuel de Grouchy, French military (n. 1766).

June

• June 11: John Franklin, British explorer (n. 1786).

October

• 1 October: Rafael Esteve, Spanish engraver (n. 1772).
• October 9: Pierre Berthezène, French military (n. 1775).

November

• 4 November: Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German composer (n. 1809).
• 7 November: Francisco Pablo Vázquez, Mexican bishop.

December

• December 14: Manuel José de Arce y Fagoaga, a Salvadoran military and political man (n. 1787).