1846

1846 (MDCCCXLVI) was a common year beginning on a Thursday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

• January 1: In Mexico, the state of Yucatan declared itself independent of the central government and neutral in the conflict between Mexico and the United States.
• 5 January: The Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives passes a resolution to stop sharing the territory of Oregon with the United Kingdom (712 500 km2), which has been in force since the 1818 London Treaty.
• January 13: In Italy the railway bridge of the Milan-Venice line, between Cannaregio and Mestre, is inaugurated, being at that time the longest in the world (3.6 km) since 1151, and the greatest success of the Austrian empire in its government of Venice.

16th Charge Queen's Lancers in the Battle of Aliwal

• January 23: In Tunisia, ruler Ahmad I Bey dictates the release of all slaves, and the total abolition of slavery, becoming the first African and Muslim country to do so.
• January 28: In India, during the first Anglo-sij war, there is the battle of Aliwal, in Punyab, between 12,000 British and about 20,000 Sikhs, with British victory. The Sikhs fled messily and lost about 3000 men.
• January 29: French Lazarist fathers Évariste Huc and Joseph Gabet, disguised in Chinese lamas, manage to reach the mysterious city of Lhasa, in Tibet, after an 18-month journey through China, the Gobi Desert, Mongolia and Tibet. After a few days of preaching Christianity, they were expelled. The Westerners did not step on Lhasa until 1904.
• January: In the Russian Empire is created the clandestine society of Cyril and Method in Kiev (Ukraine), which preconizes the end of servitude and a Pan-Slav federalism, including Ukraine. Their leaders were arrested in March 1847.

February

• 8 February: In Uruguay, the Italian Legion of Garibaldi defeats the forces of the Confederation and the Whites, of General Servando Gómez, in the battle of San Antonio in the department of Salto, in the framework of the Great War in the region of the Rio de la Plata among the Uruguayan Whites of Manuel Oribe (maintained by the Argentine federalists), and the Colorados of Fructuoso Riveraitario.
• February 10: In India, during the first Anglo-sij war, there is the battle of Sobraon, in Punyab, between about 20,000 British and about 26,000 Sikhs, with British overwhelming victory. About 10,000 sikhs died in the retreat trying to cross the Sutlej River. The Sikh state of Punyab, in the northwest of India, remained under British rule.

Edward Dembovski during the Insurrection of Krakow

• February 20: In China an edict was promulgated by Emperor Daoguang in favor of Christianity obtained by the French plenipotentiary Théodose de Lagrené, who asked to restore its owners to the establishments formerly belonging to Christians. Authorization of Protestant missions.
• Night from 20 to 21 February: in Poland, there is an insurrection of the aristocrats in Krakow for the liberation of the Polish territories of the Austrian Empire, which leads to the occupation of the city on 4 March by the Austrian army, with the support of the Ruthenian peasants. This caused the confiscation of the territories of the Polish aristocrats by Ruthenian peasants and the massacre of some 1000 nobles.
• February 22: In the U.S., the Philadelphia Freedom Bell ran as it sounded to commemorate President's Day, celebrated on the anniversary of George Washington's birthday.
• February: In Brussels, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels establish the first Communist Committee of Correspondence (an embryo of international workers' association), before establishing them in other cities of Europe, and that they will be the precursors of the League of Communists, created in 1847.
• February: In the United States, due to religious hostility, thousands of Mormons begin their migration westward from Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Brigham Young, on a journey of about 2000 kilometers. In June 1846 they established their Winter Headquarters near the current Omaha, Nebraska. In July 1847 they will arrive at their destination, the Lago Salado Valley, Utah.

March

• March 9: In India, the First Anglo-Sij War was concluded, which confronted the British East India Company with the Sikh Kingdom with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore. The maharajá sij ceded its strong and territory between the Beas and Ravi rivers, including the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara, as payment of the war compensation of one hundred million rupees demanded by the British. In addition, the Koh-i-Noor diamond was to be delivered to Queen Victoria.
• March 10: In Japan, the fourth son of Emperor Ninkō Tennō, Osahito, went up to the Chrysanthemum Throne with the name Kōmei Tennō, 121.♪ Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and will reign until 1867.
• 13 March: Ireland takes place Ballinglass incident, of great impact on the press, with the expulsion, during the Great Irish famine, of the 300 inhabitants of this town in Galway County, for the desire of the British owner to establish a farm there. The houses were demolished by the army and the police.

Revolt of Maria da Fonte

• 16 March: In India, by the Treaty of Amritsar, the British East India Company sells the province of Kashmir to the rih of Jammu, Gulab Singh, and its descendants, by 7.5 million rupees, becoming Gulab Singh the first maharaja of the Principality of Jammu and Kashmir.
• March 21: In Portugal the popular revolt of Maria da Fonte explodes in the village of Fontarcada, with the peasants of Minho, and Beira Alta, against the new tax laws, of military recruitment or the prohibition of burying within the churches, revolt that spread from the north of the country, and that the dictatorial government of Costa Cabral, which was replaced by Pedro de Sousa Holstein.
• March 25: In Australia, the German explorer Ludwig Leichhardt is received in Sydney as a hero for completing his exploration of the northern territory of the country, on a journey that began on October 1, 1844 from Jimbour, near Brisbane, and ended on December 17, 1845 in Port Essington, near Darwin.
• March: In South Africa, after the defeat of a colonial force sent to arrest an Xhosa accused of stealing an axe, the beginning of the seventh Xhosa war between the settlers of South Africa and the Xhosa, which will last until December 1847.

April

• April 5: In Cuba, the inauguration of the Camagüey Station and the first section of the railway from Nuevitas to Sabana Nueva, with an extension of 61 km. The station was built in Spanish Colonial architecture.
• 10 April: In a Jerusalem under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, that day coincided the Orthodox and Latin Holy Week, something very rare, which generated the discussion about who was to first perform the sacred rites before the Holy Sepulchre. This discussion resulted in armed clashes that left 40 dead before the arrival of the soldiers of Governor Mehmet Ali.
• 16 April: In France, during a walk through the forest of the palace of Fontainebleau, King Louis Felipe I is the subject of an attempt to murder with shotgun by the ex-guardabosques Pierre Lecomte. The royal family went ill, and the killer was accused of parricide and executed.

May

Map of Texas, Oregon, and California in 1846

• May 8: Near Brownsville, Texas, there is the first war clash between Mexican forces of General Mariano Arista and the U.S. forces of General Zachary Taylor in the Battle of Palo Alto, who once again faced the next day in Resaca de la Palma, with American victory for their greatest deployment.
• May 12: In the United States, the Donner expedition, a group of 87 colonists led by George Donner and James F. Reed, leave in a caravan of wagons from Independence, Missouri, to California, rehearsing a new route, the Hastings Shortcut, which was a fiasco and exhausted its provisions. In November they are blocked in the mountains of Sierra Nevada next to the passage of Lake Truckee (now Lake Donner) by a series of snowfalls and have to spend the winter there. When a help group reaches the hungry settlers in February 1847, only 48 of them remain, many of whom had resorted to cannibalism to survive.
• May 13: The United States Congress, at the request of President James K. Polk, declares the war on Mexico for border disputes such as the annexation of Texas to the Union (temporary example of American imperialism) and the application of the Doctrine of manifest destiny; at ten days Mexico responded with another declaration of war.
• May 25: In France, the evasion of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte from the fort of Ham (pressed there since 1840 for an attempted coup d'etat), disguised with the clothes of the bricklayer Badinguet. He flees to England, from where he will return after the French revolution of 1848.
• May 31: In Saxony, in the region of Vogtland, laying the first stone of the Göltzschtal Bridge, a German railway viaduct between Nuremberg and Leipzig, which will become the largest brick bridge in the world with 574 m long. This construction will last until 1851.
• May: The Austrian Ida Pfeiffer, abandons her life as a housewife and begins her first trip around the world, a journey that will end in 1848, being the first European woman to travel inside the island of Borneo on her second journey from 1851 to 1855. Then she became a famous travel writer.

June

• June 4: In Argentina, 35 km north of Rosario, a fleet of 12 warships and 95 merchants of the Anglo-French coalition try to force their passage through the Angostura del Quebracho, in the framework of the Paraná war, and provoke the battle of Quebracho. The confederate forces of General Lucio Mansilla had 17 cannons and they were cut off from the top of a rod, outside the scope of the enemy artillery. After reaching 6 merchants, the Anglo-French fleet withdrew. On July 13, the Anglo-French intervention in the Paraná River ended.
• June 8: In South Africa, during the seventh Xhosa war, in the battle of Gwanga, near the Cape of Good Hope, the British of General Henry Somerset defeat the Xhosa.
• June 14-15: In the Mexican province of Alta California, a group of American settlers led by William B. Ide give a coup in Sonoma, occupy his Presidio, capture General Vallejo of Mexican forces and declare the Republic of California, in what was called the Rebellion of the Bear Flag. On 25 June, Captain Fremont supported the insurgents, and on 9 July the insurgents decided to annex themselves to the United States.

Portrait of Pope Pius IX

• 14-16 June: In Rome the conclave takes place to choose a new pontiff after the death of Pope Gregory XVI. The elect is Cardinal Mastai Ferretti on 16 June, the candidate of the liberal faction of the Holy See, who will take the name of Pius IX, and whose pontificate will last 31.5 years.
• June 15: In Washington D.C., the Treaty of Oregon between the United States and Great Britain was signed. It defined the border between the United States and the British North America in the west of the Rocky Mountains, setting the 49th parallel as a border boundary with Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Juan de Fuca Strait on the Pacific coast. This legalized the occupation of Oregon, and made the United States extend from coast to coast.
• 22 June: In Scotland, inauguration of the Edinburgh-Waverley Station, ordered to build by the railway company North British Railway in a valley in the heart of Edinburgh, which will become the main station of the capital of Scotland.
• June 24: The Emperor of the Austrian Empire Leopoldo II decides to abolish the tolerance rate to the Jews, who had been established in 1749 by the Empress Maria Teresa to avoid being expelled from the country, upon payment by the Jews of a strong amount to the State.
• 25 June: In the United Kingdom, publication of the Importation Actfor which protectionism (the Corn Laws since 1815) is repealed by the conservative government of Robert Peel, and the import of wheat becomes free.
• June 29: In the United Kingdom, the collapse of the liberal conservative government Tory by Robert Peel, under pressure from Benjamin Disraeli's protectionist conservatives for having approved the Importation Act four days earlier, being replaced as Prime Minister by the Liberal Whig Lord John Russell.
• June: In U.S. intervention in Mexico, the territory of Alta California rebels against Mexican central power, and they declare themselves independent to be integrated into the United States. Americans will win one victory after another, not being prepared by Mexicans for this war.

July

• July 19: In Japan, during the Edo period, American Comforter James Biddle lurks at the entrance of Edo Bay with two warships, with peaceful intentions. He sent a message to the Emperor of Japan Kōmei Tennō that day to establish diplomatic and commercial relations between Japan and the United States, but received a negative response after 10 days, and on 29 July he made himself to the sea, having failed in its goal.
• July 24: In the United States, the naturalist and pacifist Henry David Thoreau spends the night in prison for refusing to pay taxes (poll taxi) of the last six years, as he refused to give his money to a slave state that waged the war against Mexico. This was the first practice of civil disobedience.
• 26 July: In South Africa, a treaty was signed between King Mswati of the Bantues of Swaziland and the Boeres, against the Zulu threat, by which Mswati granted them all the lands delimited by the rivers Olifants, Crocodile and Elands, although they did not belong to him, in exchange for a hundred herds of cattle.
• July 28: In Mexico, Nicolás Bravo assumes the internship.
• July 31: In the United States, ship arrival Brooklyn with Samuel Brannan and Mormon settlers, to the port of Yerba Buena (after San Francisco), who had left from New York on February 4. They will then be installed in the San Joaquín Valley.
• July - August: In the U.S. intervention in Mexico, Alta California campaign, with the taking by the Comforter John D. Sloat of Monterrey on July 7, Yerba Buena (today San Francisco) on July 9, of San Juan Bautista on July 17, and by Robert F. Stockton of San Diego on July 29, San Pedro on August 6, and Los Angeles on August 13. The resistance continued in the form of guerrilla warfare until January 13, 1847.

August

• August 2: In the US intervention in Mexico, Col. Stephen Kearny's New Mexico campaign taking Las Vegas, San Miguel and Santa Fe in a week. The guerrilla warfare resistance lasted until February 3, 1847 in this area.
• August 6: In Mexico, José Mariano Salas assumes the presidency as his sixteenth president.

States allowing or not slavery according to Wilmot Proviso

• August 8: In the United States, Missouri Commitment In 1820 it had authorized slavery in States south of the 36th parallel, the slave States. In 1846, the Wilmot Amendment attempts to prohibit the introduction of slavery in the conquered territories to Mexico. The Amendment was passed in the House of Representatives, where the abolitionist nordists were a majority, but was cast off in the Senate, where the slave-sisters were stronger.
• 18 August: Implementation of the Sugar Duties Act, UK decree, which suppresses the Antilles monopoly on sugar and massively reduces the rights of sugars from slave countries (Cuba and Brazil). This creates an increased need for slave labour for the plantations of the south of the United States, and the recrudence of trafficking and the depopulation of the African continent.
• August 20: In the UK, the foundation of the World Evangelical Alliance in London by members of more than 50 Protestant churches from different countries, to affirm the essential unity of the Church of God and to promote religious reform.
• August 22: End of the centralist phase of Mexico, with the restoration of the Federal Constitution of 1824 and the proclamation of the Second Federal Republic, which will last until 1863.
• August 28: The Parliament of the United Kingdom approves the Constitutional Law of New Zealand of 1846, with the intention of granting self-government to the British colony. Governor George Grey will suspend his application, except the creation of the provinces of Nuevo Úlster and Nuevo Munster. This law will be replaced by the New Zealand Constitutional Law of 1852.
• August 30: Marriage between James White and Elena Gould Harmon, founders, together with Joseph Bates of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

September

• September 7: In Venezuela a peasant insurrection explodes due to the economic crisis and the difficult situation of agriculture. Liberal leader Ezequiel Zamora rises in arms in the town of Guambra, Aragua state, with the support of other local leaders such as the Indio Rangel, but the revolt will be crushed in May 1847.
• 12 September: After the failure of the marriage between Isabel II of Spain and the so-called Carlos Luis de Borbón and Braganza, the latter throws a manifesto to the Spaniards from Bourges self-proclaiming Carlos VI, refusing later in England, which begins the second Carlist War or War of the Matiners (matters in Catalan), which took place mainly in Catalonia and lasted until 1849, with the final defeat of the Carlists.

The American forces during the Monterey take

• September 16: In Nepal, a pro-British military chief, Jung Bahadur (Family of the Rana) takes over the government, after the massacre of the Kot courtyard of the Palace, in which his brothers and he killed over 30 members of the Palace, and became prime minister for King Rajendra. The function of the Prime Minister becomes hereditary, and the Royal powers are limited. Position favorable to the British until the centuryXX..
• September 19: In La Salette-Fallavaux (Isère, France), the first appearance of the Virgin of La Salette occurs to two shepherds of Corps, Melanie Calvat and Maximin Giraud, apparition approved by the Bishop of Grenoble and by Pope Pius IX.
• 21-23 September: In the U.S. intervention in Mexico, the U.S. forces of General Zachary Taylor (6000 men) arrived in the vicinity of the city of Monterrey (New Lion), defended by Mexican General Pedro Ampudia with some 5000 men. After three days of U.S. battles and siege, an armistice and a capitulation of the Mexican garrison were reached, which was allowed to retire without setbacks.

October

• 6 October: In Portugal, after the palatial coup to establish the liberal government of João Oliveira e Daun, Duke of Saldanha, the 3rd civil war (A Patuleia) breaks out between a coalition of septembrists-miguelists (absolutists) and those of Queen Maria II (liberals), which will last 8 months, with foreign interventions from Spain and Great Britain, which will frustrate the revolution.

A Patuleia Civil War in Portugal

• 10 October: In Madrid, Spain, a double royal marriage takes place, Isabel II marries her cousin Francisco de Assisis de Borbón, Duke of Cadiz, after a frustrated attempt to link with the heir of Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, while her sister María Luisa Fernanda de Borbón marries Antonio de Orléans, Duke of Montpensier, son of French King Luis Felipe I.
• October 11: The entire island of Cuba is whipped by the Storm of San Francisco de Borja. It was the only category 5 hurricane that has touched Havana and one of the few hurricanes in that category that have hit Cuba, with winds up to 250 km/h at the limits of the province of the East. It caused a minimum of 164 deaths (some speak of 600 deaths), the destruction of 786 houses and large damages and breakdowns on 18 ships. It happened only two years after the very strong hurricane of 1844 (against the statistics on the appearance of hurricanes). It was only comparable to the hurricanes of 1926 and 1944.
• 23-26 October: During U.S. intervention in Mexico, Comforter Matthew C. Perry occupies the 23rd, with three vapors and four gulets, the border port on the coast of Tabasco. Then, on October 25, it attacks the city of San Juan Bautista (now Villahermosa), although it is with a fierce resistance of the Mexican governor Juan Bautista Traconis, in the so-called First Battle of Tabasco, which forced him to retire on the 26th to the port of Frontera.

November

• 5 November - 30 December: Trip of Ahmad I Bey from Tunisia to France to close the alliance with France to the detriment of Great Britain. He came to Tolon on November 8, and to Paris on November 23 after visiting several French cities. He left Paris on 16 December and arrived at the Goleta on 30 December.
• 9 November: In Rome, publication of the first Encyclical of Pio IX Qui pluribuswhich maintains the doctrinal positions of the previous pontificate of Gregory XVI, and condemns rationalism, fideism and religious liberalism or indifferentism.
• 16 November: In Poland, following the failed uprising of Krakow in February, annexed by the Austrian Empire of the Free City of Krakow (created in 1815), with the support of the Russian Empire, and despite the opposition of London and Paris, creating the Grand Duchy of Krakow.
• 17 November: Prince Pagan Min happens to his father Tharrawaddy Min at his death, as the ninth king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. During his reign the Second Anglo-Burma war will explode.

December

• 3 December: The French explorer Anne Raffenel departs from San Luis de Senegal to the Niger to try to cross Africa in its entire width, but is captured in Segú, near Mali in February 1847 and taken hostage for 4 months, before being returned to Senegal, after stripping him of everything.
• December 12: The Mallarino-Bidlack Trade Agreement between the Republic of New Granada (now Colombia and Panama) and the United States is signed. Article 35 allowed the United States to cross the Panamanian isthmus without paying taxes and in return would guarantee the territorial integrity of New Grenada in the face of European powers or separatist sailing. The Treaty will be a precedent for the separation of Panama in 1903.

Signature of the Treaty of Labuan of the British at the Palace of Brunéi

• 17 December: In Tahiti, in the framework of the Franco-Tahitian war since 1844, the taking of the fort of Fatahua by the French troops took place, which marked the end of the conquest of Tahiti by the French. The leaders of the Tahitian revolt were held on December 24, and on February 7, 1847, Queen Pōmare IV is re-established in her rights in exchange for accepting a French protectorate.
• 18 December: In Eastern Malaysia, the island of Labuán is ceded by the Sultan of Brunéi to Great Britain, who will install a naval base there. British captain Rodney Mundy took office on 24 December in the presence of a large assembly of Borneo chiefs.
• 22 December: In Sweden, the law Fabriks och Handwerksordning it is approved, and ends with the existing union system, which allows trade and craftsmanship to be practiced by any man or woman with a legal age.
• December 23: In Mexico, Valentín Gómez Farías holds the presidency for the fifth time.
• December 28: Having organized the Territory of Iowa (which included part of North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota) in 1838, descreated from the Territory of Wisconsin, the U.S. federal government declares Iowa as the 29th state of the Union, with the same current borders.

Unknown dates

• Severe economic crisis in France due to poor cereal harvests due to excessive drought (loss of 30% of the crops), aggravated by a potato disease coming from Ireland, resulting in unsuccessful inflation. Also serious economic crisis in Europe, due to drought in the continent (Galitzia, Bohemia,...), which will worsen in 1847, which will lead to social discontent and riots, and will culminate in the revolutions of 1848.
• Repression by the Russians of a revolt of the Kazakhs of the Median Horde, begun in 1837, whose chief Kenisary Qasimov takes refuge in Kyrgyzstan, where he dies in combat in 1847 against the Khan Uzbek of Kokand. Russian domination over Kazakhstan is reinforced.
• In the Red Sea, the ports of Massawa in Eritrea and Suakin in Sudan pass under the control of Egypt in exchange for the increase in the tax paid by Mehmet Ali to the Sultan of Istanbul. This agreement will be renewed in 1865, allowing the control of trade in the Red Sea by Egypt.
• In India, the third cholera pandemic, which will be gradually extended to all Asia, Europe and America, will last until 1860 and will be the most deadly of all of them (in Russia more than one million dead).
• In the Caribbean, the abolition of slavery in the Danish West Indies (now the Virgin Islands), on the islands of St. John, St. Thomas and St. Croix.

Culture and society

• May 11: In the United States, the University of Bufalo is founded as a private medical school, which will become public in the centuryXX..

Smithsonian Institute in Washington

• August 10: In the United States, President James K. Polk signed the creation law in Washington D.C. of the Smithsonian Institute, education and research center, with the funds legated by British scientist James Smithson.
• 7 September: After several years of study of the registration of Behistun in Iran, with a text in cuneiform writing in three languages, ancient Persian, elamite and Babylonian, British and Easternist officer Sir Henry C. Rawlinson makes public his findings in the Royal Asiatic Societyin which deciphers mesopotamian cuneiform writing.
• September: In Greece, the foundation of the French School of Athens to promote the study of the Greek language, history and antiquities, the fruit of the Greek revolution and the romantic revolution, being the first of this kind created in Athens.
• 1 October: In Australia, the Christ College in Bishopsbourne, Tasmania, as an Anglican theological school, with the intention of becoming an Oxbridge of the country, and providing university education in Tasmania.

Sports

• June 19: In the United States the first baseball game is developed under the modern rules of Alexander Cartwright, in the Elysian camp of Hoboken, New Jersey, between the "Nine" and the "Knickerbockers", both teams from New York, with overwhelming victory of the first.

Posts

• January 21st: In London, departure from the first issue of the newspaper The Daily News, led by Charles Dickens, which was published until 1930.
• 5 February: Departure from the first issue Oregon Spectator in Oregon City, published by an Association of Seven Prominent Citizens of the Region, becoming the first English-language newspaper on the Pacific coast in the United States, and will continue to be published until 1855.
• May 22: Foundation of the Databases of the News Agency Associated Press for five New York newspapers, to finance a Pony Express route through Alabama, to mutualize the costs of sending news from the U.S. intervention in Mexico, and to accelerate their arrival to their readers.

Art and literature

Painting and sculpture

• Polish-German Retratist Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann finishes oil painting Portrait of the sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, the husband of the artistThe one he married in February of that year.

Architecture

• 1 May: In New York, Consecration of the Church of the Trinity in Manhattan, of episcopal confession, designed by the architect Richard Upjohn in neogothic style, and with a needle of 86 meters, at the time the highest construction of the city.
• July 30: In Liverpool, England, inauguration by Prince Albert of Royal Albert Dock, pier and warehouse complex designed by engineer and architect Jesse Hartley, the first in the world without structural wood, fire resistant, built with cast iron, bricks and stone.
• July: Opening to the cult of the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, the work of the Swiss architect Giuseppe Fossati, the neo-baroque Catholic basilica of three naves with marble columns and beautiful handicrafts.
• August 15: In Ottawa, Canada, consecration of the Church of Our Lady by the Catholic bishop Patrick Phelan of Kingston, although the bell towers were still missing. The church will become a Cathedral in 1847. It is a neo-gothic style construction, even if the doors are neoclassical.

Hungarian National Museum

• In Ireland, opening of the Dublin Heuston Station from the English architect Sancton Wood, initially called Kingsbridge Station for the famous bridge across the Liffey River. Its design is based on that of an Italian palace, and the station unites Dublin with the rest of Ireland.
• In Karlsruhe, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden, inauguration of the Karlsruhe National Art Gallery, Museum of Fine Arts of the architect Heinrich Hübsch, after ten years of work, in neoclassical style.
• In Budapest, transfer from the collection of the Hungarian National Museum, the largest art collection in Hungary, to its new headquarters in the neoclassical style building designed by the architect Mihály Pollack.
• In Glastonbury, Somerset, England, the Glastonbury Market Cross is erected, a Victorian High Gothic cross of 11.6 m high, replacing the one that had collapsed at the beginning of the century, dating from the century.XVI. The cross was designed by the English architect Benjamin Ferrey.

Literature

• January 1st: In Paris, Théophile Gautier published an article about his first visit to the Hashischins Club at the Revue des deux mondes, Parisian group that explored drug use, mainly hachís, to get creative ideas. This group, active from 1844 to 1849, had members such as Baudelaire, Balzac, Victor Hugo, Delacroix and Alejandro Dumas.
• January 15: In the Russian Empire, publication in the Almanaque St. Petersburg Collection of Poor people, the first work of the Russian novelist Fiódor Dostoyevski, a short epistolar novel that received a favorable literary criticism from the greatest Russian critic, Visarión Belinski, and turned him 24 years into an intellectual celebrity.
• January 30: In the Russian Empire, publication in the literary magazine Pathetic anals of the novel Double. Russian name Dvoynik, second work by Fiódor Dostoyevski, later republished and republished in 1866.

Illustration for "The Lady of Monsoreau" by Alejandro Dumas

• 12 February: In Paris, end of publication in the newspaper Le Constitutionnel of the historical novel The Lady of Monsoreau of the writer Alejandro Dumas, second novel of the trilogy Valois. The publication had begun on 27 August 1845. The book was published in 1846 by the editor Pétion.
• February 26: Publishing at the John Murray publishing house in London Taipi, Herman Melville's first book, also published in March in New York, a classic travel literature based partly on his experiences on the Nuku Hiva Island of Polynesia.
• April: In Philadelphia, publication in the magazine Graham's Magazine, essay Philosophy of composition of Edgar Allan Poe on the method of writing to be used by any author.
• 31 May: Beginning of publication in Paris in the newspaper La Presse of the historical novel Memories of a doctor by French writer Alejandro Dumas, the first novel of a series of five, based on the figure of the Count of Cagliostro. The publication ended on January 4, 1848.
• October: Publication in Paris Philosophy of Misery or System of Economic Contradictions) of the philosopher promoter of anarchism Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who will be subject to a famous criticism of Marx in 1847 under the title of Marx The misery of philosophy.
• November: In Philadelphia, United States, monthly magazine publication Godey's Lady's Book of the brief tale of suspense The barrel of amontillado of the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, who has left a mark on later literates.
• December 3: In Paris, end of the publication in the newspaper Le Constitutionnel of the novel Cousin Bette of the French writer Honoré de Balzac, published on October 8. The book was subsequently published.
• Publication in Paris of the short novel Carmen of the French writer Prosper Mérimée, whose first three chapters had been previously published in 1845 in the magazine Revue des deux mondes.
• Publication in London of the book of geology Geological observations in South America of the naturalist Charles Darwin, which corresponds to the third book written by the author after the second trip of HMS Beagle to South America between 1832 and 1836, book written between 1844 and 1845.

Music

• 1 January: Premiere at the Leipzig Gewandhaus Concert for piano in La menorOpus 54, by the German composer Robert Schumann, written in the middle of 1845, interpreted by Clara Schumann as a soloist.
• 17 March: The premiere at La Fenice de Venice de la opera Attila with music by Giuseppe Verdi and libretto by Temistocle Solera, work of great strength and epic thrust with a prologue and three acts, based on the play of theatre Atila, king of the Hunos Zacharias Werner.

The Silfid Dance in "Faust Condemnation" by H. Berlioz

• June 21: The Belgian musical instrument manufacturer Adolphe Sax records the saxophone patent in Paris (French Patent 3226), which covered 14 versions of the original 1838 design, and for a duration of the 15-year patent.
• August 26: The German composer Felix Mendelssohn estrena su oratorio Elijah, based on the life of the prophet Elijah, at the Music Festival at the City of Birmingham, in England, with a resounding success.
• 5 November: Premiere at the Leipzig Gewandhaus Symphony n° 2 (Schumann) in major Do, Opus 61, by the German composer Robert Schumann, written between December 12, 1845 and October 19, 1846, by an orchestra led by Mendelsshon, with little success. After some additional arrangements, it was presented 11 days later, with a more favorable hearing.
• December 6: In Paris the work is premiered Fausto's conviction by Hector Berlioz at the Teatro de la Ópera Cnomic, work in 4 parts conceived between opera and choral symphony, based on the first part of Goethe's "Fausto" drama.

Science and technology

• Gray first describes the pygmy free whale (Caperea marginalata)
• Gray first describes Chile's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus eutropia)
• Gray first describes the tropical stained dolphin (Stenella attenuata).
• Gray first describes the white snout dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris).
• Gray describes for the first time the false orca of melon head (Peponocephala electra).
• Gray describes for the first time the short fin (Globicephala macrorhynchus).
• Owen first describes the orca bastard (Pseudorca crassidens).

Astronomy

View of the planet Neptune

• June 1: The French mathematician and astronomer Urbain Le Verrier of the Paris Observatory predicts the existence and position of the planet Neptune thanks to the irregularities of the Uranus orbit, and publishes it in the Compte rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. In parallel and previously, English mathematician and astronomer John Couch Adams, without knowing the works of Le Verrier, had predicted in 1845 the position of the new planet, but did not publish it.
• September 23: The German astronomer Johann Galle, based on the calculations of Le Verrier, makes the first astronomical observation of the planet Neptune on the night of 23-24 from the Berlin Observatory. By the greenish blue colour of the planet, Galle baptized it with the name of the sea god, Neptune.
• 10 October: British astronomer William Lassell discovers Triton, the largest satellite of Neptune, geologically active and one of the coldest stars of the Solar System (-235 °C), which owes his name to the Triton god of Greek mythology.

Math

• The English mathematician and physicist William Thomson rediscovers the work of the late George Green, and reproduces his essay on the application of mathematical analysis to the theories of electricity and magnetism, which included the known as theorem of Green.

Medicine

First-time use of ether as anesthetic by dentist W. Morton

• September 30: The dentist William Morton uses sulfuric ether in his private clinic to indour a molar to Eben Frost, a Bostonian musician. Morton then asked the chief surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital to be able to make a public demonstration.
• October 16: In the United States, American dentist William Morton performs a public operation under anesthesia of ether in the amphitheater of the medical faculty of the General Hospital of Massachusetts, removing a congenital superficial tumor in the neck of young Gilbert Abbot. This day is remembered as the invention of anesthesia.
• November 4: In the United States, Benjamin F. Palmer from Meredith, New Hampshire, gets the patent from an artificial leg with metal springs and tendons. Add to the leg a previous spring, a soft look and hidden tendons to simulate a natural movement.
• 21 December: On University College Hospitalnear University College Londonsurgeon Robert Liston practices the first operation in Europe using anesthesia, a knee amputation.

Chemistry

• August: Canadian physicist and geologist Abraham Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, kerosene, from coal, bitumen and bituminous schist, which presents at a public conference in Charlottetown, which meant the start of the oil refinery industry. The kerosene obtained by natural oil distillation is a mixture of intermediate density hydrocarbons.

Technology

• September 10: In the United States, Elias Howe holds the patent for the first practice sewing machine with pespunte, in New Hartford, Connecticut. Its concept will be used by Isaac Merrit Singer and other companies in the 1850s to manufacture domestic sewing machines.
• November: In the German Confederation, the optical Carl Zeiss opens his workshop of mechanics and precision optics in Jena, beginning to lay the foundations for the production of modern optics.
• In England, British engineer and inventor William George Armstrong obtains municipal permission and commands to erect the first hydraulic crane in the world at the Newcastle upon Tyne Pier, with great success in front of conventional cranes.
• In the United States, civil engineer Squire Whipple writes a work on building iron and timber bridges for railroads, determining the load for each member of the structure, and introduces bridges into trapezoidal lattice as the most economical and efficient structure.

Scientific Awards

• The Royal London Society delivers the Copley medal to the best scientific work of the year to the mathematician Urbain Le Verrier, for his research on the disturbances of Uranus through which he tested the existence and predicted the place of the new planet Neptune, predicted by the immediate discovery of that planet.
• The Geological Society of London delivers the Wollaston medal to the English geologist and paleontologist William Lonsdale for their research and studies on corals in Australia.
• In Britain, the Royal Astronomical Society between its Gold Medal to the English astronomer and mathematician George Biddell Airy for its summary of the planetary observations made at the Greenwich Observatory between 1750 and 1830.

Births

January

• 1 January: Léon Denis, a French spiritist philosopher, who promoted the survival of the soul after death (f. 1927).
• January 4: Edward Hibberd Johnson, inventor and partner of Edison in his projects, who created the first Christmas tree with electric lighting (f. 1917).
• January 4: Juan Esteban Martínez, Argentine lawyer and politician, governor of the province of Corrientes (f. 1909).
• January 5: Mariam Baouardy, nun of the Carmelites Descalzas of the Greek-Mexique Catholic Church, canonized in 2015 (f. 1878).
• January 5: Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German philosopher, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1908 (f. 1926).
• January 7: Félix Cipriano Coronel Zegarra, Peruvian jurist, diplomat and historian, Minister of Justice, Worship and Instruction of Peru (f. 1897).
• January 19: César Canevaro, Peruvian military and political president of the Senate, and Vice-President of Peru (f. 1922).
• 30 January: Angela de la Cruz, a Spanish Catholic nun, founder of the Sisters of the Cross, canonized in 2003 (f. 1932).
• January 30: Juan Antonio Pérez-Bonalde, Venezuelan poet, best exponent of the country's lyric poetry and romanticism, and precursor of modernism (f. 1892).
• January 30: Jeanne Schmahl, a midwife, a French Feminist and Feminist activist, founder of the French Union for the Feminine Suffrage (f. 1915).

February

• February 3: Benigno Ferreira, Paraguayan military and political minister of the Interior, War and Navy, and President of Paraguay (f. 1920).
• February 6: Valentin Abecia, doctor, journalist and Bolivian politician, Vice President of Bolivia (f. 1910).
• February 6: Raimundo Andueza, Venezuelan lawyer and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of Venezuela (f. 1900).
• February 9: Leopoldo de Baviera, commander-in-chief of the German forces at the Eastern Front of World War I (f. 1930).
• February 9: Wilhelm Maybach, German engineer, engine designer and founder of Maybach (f. 1929).
• February 10: Ira Remsen, American chemist, discoverer of artificial sauerkraine sweetener (f. 1927).
• 19 February: Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, a French archaeologist who worked at the Estela de Mesa, the oldest semite inscription (f. 1923).
• February 23: Luigi Denza, Italian songwriter and composer, author of the Neapolitan song Funiculì, funiculà (f. 1922).
• February 25: Luis María Mejía Álvarez, Colombian economist, banker and politician, Minister of the Treasury and Government of Colombia (f. 1929).
• February 26: Buffalo Bill, American explorer, bison hunter and spectacle entrepreneur (f. 1917).
• 26 February: Alejandro López de Romaña, Peruvian businessman and politician, Minister of Government and Police, and President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (f. 1917).

March

• March 1st: Emil Pfeiffer, German bacteriologist and pediatrician, discoverer of infectious mononucleosis (f. 1921).
• 1 March: Vasili Dokucháyev, Russian geographer, father of soil science or edaphology (f. 1903).
• 7 March: Karl Verner, Danish linguist who formulated Verner's law on phonetic changes in Germanic languages (f. 1896).
• March 11: Constance Bache, pianist, composer and British writer (f. 1930).
• March 17: Kate Greenaway, English writer and children's book illustrator (f. 1901).
• March 19: Albert Atterberg, Swedish scientist (f. 1916).
• March 20: Giulio Bizzozero, Italian doctor, discoverer of the Helicobacter pylori (bacteria of the peptic ulcer), and pioneer of histology (f. 1901).
• March 24: Karl von Bülow, German Field Marshal who led the Second German Army in the First World War (f. 1921).
• March 24: Juan José Latorre, Chilean navy and politician, commander-in-chief of the Navy, and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Chile (f. 1912).
• 28 March: Enrique XXII de Reuss-Greiz, a German reigning sovereign of the little prince of Reuss (f. 1902).
• March 29: Rafael Roldós, Spanish publicist, pioneer of advertising in that country (f. 1918).

April

• 4 April: Count of Lautréamont, Franco-Uruguayan poet (f. 1870).
• April 4: Raoul-Pierre Pictet, Swiss physicist, known for his research on gas liquefaction (f. 1929).
• April 5: Sigmund Exner, Austrian physiologist, expert in comparative physiology and discoverer of the bodies of Call-Exner (f. 1926).
• April 7: William Ogilvie, Canadian topographer and explorer, discoverer of the Chilkoot Pass and the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers (f. 1912).
• April 9: Francesco Paolo Tosti, composer of Italian songs (f. 1916).
• April 13: William McGregor, British Mercerer, founder of the Football League, the first organized football league in the world (f. 1911).
• April 15: Benjamín Boza, Peruvian lawyer and politician, President of the Peruvian Senate, Minister of Development and Minister of the Government and Police of Peru (f. 1921).
• April 19: Luis Jorge Fontana, militar, explorer and Argentine writer, governor of the national territory of Chubut (f. 1920).
• April 21: Viacheslav von Pleve, a Russian official and politician, Minister of the Interior of the Russian Empire (f. 1904).

May

• 2 May: Ventura Blanco Viel, Chilean lawyer and politician, Minister of War and Marina, Foreign Affairs and Interior of Chile (f. 1930).
• May 5: Federico Chueca, pianist and Spanish composer of opera, zarzuela and genre boy (f. 1908).
• May 5: Lars Magnus Ericsson, inventor and Swedish businessman, founder of the company Ericsson de telecomunicaciones (f. 1926).
• May 5: Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer and journalist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 (f. 1916).
• May 8: Émile Gallé, French artist, ceramist, designer and expert in working glass, representative of the French Art Nouveau (f. 1904).
• May 12: Butros Ghali, of a Coptic Christian family, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister of Egypt (f. 1910).
• May 15: Otto Wilhelm Madelung, a German surgeon who described Madelung's disease and Madelung's deformity (f. 1926).
• 16 May: Ottomar Anschütz, inventor and German photographer, pioneer of chronophotography and builder of a thousandth second shutter (f. 1907).
• May 16: Worcester Reed Warner, astronomer, engineer and businessman, co-founder of the Warner & Swasey Company (f. 1929).
• May 23: Ernest Monis, French lawyer and politician, Minister of Justice and the Navy, and President of the Council of Ministers of France (f. 1929).
• May 25: Naim Frashëri, a romantic Albanian poet, figure of the Albanian national rebirth (f. 1900).
• May 29: Henry Wickham, explorer, botanist and British biopirate, responsible for sending seeds from Brazil's rubber tree to Asia (f. 1928).
• May 30: Fernando Delgado Sanz (alias El Tuerto de Pirón), Spanish bandolero of Segovia (f. 1914).
• May 30: Peter Carl Fabergé, Russian jeweler, one of the world's best goldsmiths, author of 69 Easter eggs (f. 1920).
• May 30: Angelo Mosso, Italian physician and physiologist, inventor of the first technique of neuroimagen, the balance of human circulation (f. 1910).

June

• 2 June: Hubert-Joseph Henry, a French officer who forged Captain Dreyfus' inculpation documents (f. 1898).
• June 11: Oscar Roty, French recorder, author of the engraving The Sower used in French coins and stamps (f. 1911).
• June 19: Antonio Abetti, Italian astronomer (f. 1928).
• June 19: Harvey du Cros, Irish financial, founder of the Dunlop Tyres tyre company (f. 1918).
• 22 June: Matilda Chaplin Ayrton, a British midwife and physician, a member of the seven in Edinburgh (f. 1883).
• 27 June: Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish landlord and political leader, founder of the Irish Parliamentary Party (f. 1891).

July

• 2 July: Marian Farquharson, botanical, naturalist and British feminist, who fought for full gender equality in scientific society (f. 1912).
• 17 July: Casto Plasencia and Maestro, a Spanish painter (f. 1890).
• July 17: Tokugawa Iemochi, 14th Shōgun Tokugawa of Japan (f. 1866).
• July 19: Edward Charles Pickering, American astronomer, director of the Harvard Observatory (f. 1919).
• July 29: Isabel of Brazil, daughter of Peter II of Brazil, Regent of the Empire of Brazil, and who abolished slavery in Brazil (f. 1921).
• July 30: László Páal, Hungarian painter, follower of the Barbizon School, with impressionist paintings of magyar personality (f. 1879).

August

• August 1st: Clara Bewick Colby, lecturer, editor and British-American press correspondent, feminist activist (f. 1916).
• August 3: Domingo Vásquez, lawyer, military and Honduran politician, Constitutional President of Honduras (f. 1909).
• August 3: Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones, American politician and businessman (f. 1904).
• August 6: Anna Haining Bates, American woman, famous for her height of 240 cm (f. 1888).
• August 10: Eugène Goblet d'Alviella, lawyer, historian and Belgian French politician, Minister without a portfolio of Belgium (f. 1925).
• August 24: Henry Gannett, American geographer, father of topographic maps in the United States (f. 1914).
• August 29: Luke Edward Wright, American politician, Philippine general governor and U.S. War Secretary (f. 1922).

September

• September 4: Daniel Burnham, American architect, who designed the Flatiron in New York and Union Station in Washington, D.C. (f. 1912).
• September 8: Manuel María del Valle, Peruvian lawyer, diplomat and politician, president of the Chamber of Deputies of Peru (f. 1921).
• 14 September: Joaquín Costa, a Spanish politician (f. 1911).
• September 16: Seth Carlo Chandler, American astronomer, discoverer of the call Chandler bamboleo (f. 1913).
• September 16: Anna Kingsford, English poet, philosopher and physician, vegetarian suffrage and president of the Theosophical Society (f. 1888).
• September 17: Juan Mackenna Astorga, Chilean politician, Foreign Minister and President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile (f. 1929).
• September 18: Bernhard Riedel, a German surgeon, who described Riedel's thyroiditis and expert in acute appendicitis and colecistitis (f. 1916).
• September 21: Vicente Dávila Larraín, Chilean lawyer and politician, president of the Chamber of Deputies, Minister of Industry and Public Works (f. 1896).
• 25 September: Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, French oil magnate and philanthropist, promoter of the start of aviation (f. 1919).

October

• 1 October: Nectario de Egina, Metropolitan Orthodox Bishop of Pentapolis, recognized as saint in 1961 (f. 1920).
• October 6: George Westinghouse, American engineer and businessman, inventor of the tire brake, developer of the alternating current and founder of Westinghouse Electric (f. 1914).
• 7 October: Wladimir Peter Köppen, geographer, climatologist and Russian botanist, who developed the climate classification system of Köppen (f. 1940).
• October 9: Julius Maggi, Swiss businessman, founder of the Maggi company and inventor of the first instant soup with concentrated soup cubes (f. 1912).
• October 11: Carlos Pellegrini, Argentine lawyer, journalist and politician, Minister of War, Vice President and Argentine President between 1890 and 1892 (f. 1906).
• 12 October: Archangel Tadini, Italian Catholic priest, founder of the Workers' Association of the Mutual Relief and Canonized in 2009 (f. 1912).
• 13 October: Giulia Salzano, Catholic religious, founder of the Catechist Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and canonized in 2010 (f. 1929).
• 14 October: Kasimir Felix Badeni, Austrian statesman, Minister-President of the Cisleitania in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (f. 1909).
• 21 October: Edmundo de Amicis, Italian writer (f. 1908).
• October 26: Lewis Boss, an American astronomer who worked on the stars' own movement, and the calculation of the star cluster Híades (f. 1912).
• October 26: Juan Norberto Eléspuru, Peruvian military and political, Minister of War and Marina, and President of the Peruvian Senate (f. 1923).
• October 26: Santos Soto Rosales, Honduran businessman and politician, Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Honduras (f. 1932).
• October 28: Georges Auguste Escoffier, French chef and culinary writer, creator of modern French gastronomy (f. 1.935).
• October 31: José A. Terry, Argentine lawyer, journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Treasury of Argentina (f. 1910).

November

• 1 November: José María Uriburu, Argentine military, governor of the national territory of Formosa (f. 1909).
• November 3: Francis Davis Millet, American painter and sculptor of neoclassical and historicalist style, who died in the Titanic (f. 1912).
• 4 November: Frans Reinhold Kjellman, botanist, algologist and Swedish explorer, specialist in marine physics and arctic algae (f. 1907).
• 5 November: Joaquim Pimenta de Castro, Portuguese military and political, Minister of War and Prime Minister of Portugal (f. 1918).
• 10 November: Martin Wegelius, Finnish composer and musicologist, founder of the Institute of Music or Sibelius Academy in Helsinki (f. 1906).
• 13 November: Marco Aurelio Soto, Honduran lawyer and politician, Minister of Governance and Justice, Foreign Affairs and Education of Guatemala, and President of Honduras (f. 1908).
• November 15: Juan Isidro Jimenes, Dominican politician, twice President of the Dominican Republic (f. 1919).
• November 24: Angel Lizcano Monedero, Spanish painter and illustrator (f. 1929).

December

• 2 December: Rene Waldeck-Rousseau, lawyer, politician and French statesman, Prime Minister of France (f. 1904).
• December 11: Juan Aberle, director of the Italian-Salvadorian orchestra and composer, who composed the National Anthem of El Salvador (f. 1930).
• 13 December: Nikolái Yaroshenko, Ukrainian painter of Russian realism, leader of the group of Russian painters Peredvizhniki (f. 1898).
• December 15: Eusebio Güell, Spanish industrial and political, patron of the modernist architect Antoni Gaudí (f. 1918).
• December 17: Max von Hausen, commander of the German Imperial Army, war minister in the kingdom of Saxony (f. 1922).
• December 19: Turhan Pasha Përmeti, Albanian politician of the Ottoman Empire, Prime Minister of an independent Albania (f. 1927).
• December 19: Ambrose Swasey, engineer, inventor and American astronomer, co-founder of the Warner & Swasey Company (f. 1937).
• 23 December: Andrés Mellado, Spanish lawyer, journalist and politician, Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts of Spain (f. 1913).
• December 27: Ricardo Sepúlveda and Planter, Spanish writer (f. 1909).
• December 28: José Inocencio Arias, Argentinean military and political governor of the province of Buenos Aires (f. 1912).

Unknown dates

• Joaquín Acuña, Argentine politician of the National Autonomist Party, governor of the province of Catamarca (f. 1929).
• Donaciano del Campillo, Argentine politician of the National Autonomist Party, governor of the province of Córdoba (f. 1910).
• José de Cárdenas Uriarte, journalist, lawyer and Spanish politician, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Trade, and Public Works of Spain (f. 1907).
• Luis del Carmen Curiel, Mexican lawyer and military, governor of Jalisco and Yucatan (f. 1930).
• Mipham, philosopher, Buddhist writer and bhikkhu Tibetan, emanation of Manjushri, bodhisattva of wisdom and source of the Nyingmapa doctrine (f. 1912).
• Carlos Morla Vicuña, Chilean Conservative politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cult and Colonization of Chile (f. 1900).
• Carlos Riesco Errazuriz, Chilean lawyer and politician, Minister of Finance and Justice of Chile (f. 1919).
• Belisario Sosa, Peruvian physician and politician, vice president of the Republic, and minister of Public Works of Peru (f. 1933).
• Francesco Tamburini, Italian architect who performed in Argentina the Casa Rosada and the Teatro Colón (f. 1890).

Deaths

January

• January 1st: John Torrington, a British Royal Navy officer and explorer on the missed expedition of Franklin in search of the Northwest Pass (n. 1825).
• January 5: Alfred Thomas Agate, American artist (n. 1812).
• January 16: José María Calatrava, Spanish jurist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (n.1781).
• 21 January: Francisco IV de Módena, Duke of Modena and Reggio, and Duke of Massa and Carrara (n. 1779).
• 22 January: Louis-Pierre Baltard, French painter, writer and architect, author of the Palais des Justice of Lyon (n. 1764).
• January 26: Ildefonso Díez de Rivera, Spanish military and political minister of state and war, and president of the Council of Ministers of Spain (n. 1777).

February

• 6 February: Heinrich von Bülow, Prussian lawyer and statesman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prussia (n. 1792).
• February 15: Otto von Kotzebue, German Baltic explorer, officer of the Russian Navy, who commanded two exploration trips in the Pacific (n. 1787).
• February 21: Ninkō Tennō, the 20th Emperor of Japan (No. 1800).
• 22 February: Enrique Gil and Carrasco, Spanish Romantic writer, author of the historicalist novel The Lord of Bembibre (n. 1846).

March

• 16 March: Manuel Rengifo and Cárdenas, Chilean politician (n. 1793).
• 17 March: Friedrich Bessel, a German mathematician and astronomer, author of the function of Bessel and the parallax of the star 61 Cygni (n. 1784).

April

• April 15: Antonio Almada and Alvarado, Mexican politician (n. 1786).
• April 16: Domenico Dragonetti, Italian composer and counter-bajist (n. 1763).

May

• May 10: Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, Polish economist and politician, Treasury Minister of the Republic of the Two Nations (n. 1778).

June

• 1 June: Gregorio XVI, a religious Italian Camaldulense, 254th Pope of the Catholic Church (n. 1765).
• 2 June: José Demetrio Rodríguez, Spanish botanist (n. 1780).
• 6 June: Adèle Romany, painter and salonière French, specialized in pictorial portrait (n. 1769).
• 7 June: Antonio Maria Gianelli, Italian Catholic bishop, canonized in 1951 (n. 1789).
• June 8: Rodolphe Töpffer, pedagogue, Swiss writer, painter and cartoonist, father of the modern comic book, type graphic novel (n. 1799).
• June 11: Pancrace Bessa, a naturalist and artist of French natural history, known for his botanical illustrations (n. 1772).
• June 21: James Marsh, British chemist, inventor of the Marsh Test to detect arsenic (n. 1794).
• June 24: Mariano Egaña, Chilean lawyer and politician, Minister of the Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance and Justice of Chile (n. 1793).
• June 24: Jan Frans Willems, Flemish writer and father of the Flemish movement (n. 1793).

July

• July 7: Manuel Aguilar Chacón, a Costa Rican lawyer and politician, president of Costa Rica (n. 1797).
• 25 July: Louis Bonaparte, French prince, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, king of the Netherlands (n. 1778).
• 25 July: Giuseppe Zamboni, Italian priest and physicist, inventor of the Zamboni battery, an early electric battery (n. 1776).

August

• August 6: Marie-Charles Damoiseau, a French astronomer, known for his lunar tables based on the law of universal gravitation (n. 1768).
• August 11: Benedict Joseph Fenwick, bishop of Boston, founder of the College of the Holy Cross and President of Georgetown University (n. 1782).
• August 24: Adam J. von Krusenstern, German Baltic Oceanographer and Admiral of the Russian Navy, who performed the first Russian circumnavigation (n. 1770).
• August 25: Giuseppe Acerbi, Explorer and Italian Naturalist. (n. 1773).

September

• September 1st: Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann, German chemist, Cadmio discoverer in 1817 (n. 1765).
• 5 September: Charles Metcalfe, British administrator and Governor-General of India, Jamaica and Canada Province (n. 1785).
• September 11: José Núñez de Cáceres, Dominican writer and politician, President of the Republic of Haiti, Dominican Republic (n. 1772).
• 16 September: Andrew Kim Taegon, a Korean Catholic priest, who was killed by decapitation and canonized in 1984 (n. 1821).
• September 25: Edwin Beard Budding, English engineer, lawnkeeper inventor and English key (n. 1796).
• September 26: Thomas Clarkson, an English abolitionist in the fight against the slave trade in the British Empire and the world (n. 1760).

October

• 10 October: José Manuel de Goyeneche, a Spanish military, diplomat and politician (n. 1776).
• October 11: José Antonio Rincón, Mexican military and political governor of Tabasco (n. 1776).
• 14 October: Paul Thiébault, French military (n. 1769).
• October 15: Bagyidaw, seventh king of the Alaungpaya dynasty of Burma (n. 1784).
• 16 October: Mariano Ricafort, Spanish military and political, Captain General of the Philippines and of Cuba (n. 1776).
• October 18: José María Irigoyen Rodríguez, Mexican politician, governor of Chihuahua (n. 1795).

November

• 2 November: Essaias Tegnér, Swedish writer, father of modern poetry in Sweden for his Frithiof Saga (n. 1782).
• 7 November: Samuel B. Moore, American politician, Alabama State Democratic Governor (n. 1789).
• November 24: Manuel José Gandarillas, Chilean politician, Minister of Finance, Interior and Foreign Affairs of Chile (n. 1789).
• 25 November: Francisco Malespín, Salvadoran military and political president of the Republic of El Salvador (n. 1806).
• November 30: Friedrich List, German economist, predecessor of the German historicalist school of economy (n. 1789).

December

• December 12: Juan Gálvez, Spanish painter, director of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, and camera painter of Fernando VII (n. 1774).
• December 15: Philip of Hesse-Homburg, a quarterback of the Austrian imperial army and landgrave reigning in Hesse-Homburg (n. 1779).

Unknown date

• Big Elk, chief of the Omaha people at the top of the Missouri River (n. 1770).
• Johann Adolphus Etzler, an American thinker of German origin, promoter of technological utopism (n. 1791).
• Ricardo López Jordan, Argentine military, Supreme Head of the Republic of Entre Ríos, and Governor of Entre Ríos (n. 1793).
• Deng Tingzhen, Chinese Mandarin, Virrey of Liangguang, and provincial governor of Shaanxi (n. 1776).