Declaração de independência

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Asserção por um território definido que é independente e constitui um estado

Uma declaração de independência, declaração de estado ou proclamação de independência é uma afirmação de uma política em um território definido de que é independente e constitui um estado. Esses lugares são geralmente declarados de parte ou de todo o território de outro estado ou estado falido, ou são territórios separatistas de dentro do estado maior. Em 2010, a Corte Internacional de Justiça da ONU determinou em um parecer consultivo em Kosovo que "O direito internacional não contém proibição de declarações de independência", embora o estado do qual o território deseja se separar possa considerar a declaração como rebelião, que pode levar a uma guerra de independência ou a um acordo constitucional para resolver a crise.

Lista de declarações de independência

State	Declaration	Date	Year	Association	Signatories	First recognizing state(s)
Albania	Albanian Declaration of Independence	November 28	1912	Ottoman Empire	Assembly of Vlorë	Austria-Hungary
Armenia	Declaration of Independence of Armenia	May 28	1918	Soviet Russia	Armenian National Congress (1917) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnak)	Ottoman Empire
Armenia	Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia	August 23	1990	Soviet Union	Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian	Lithuania
Artsakh	Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic	September 2	1991	Soviet Union	Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
Azawad	Azawadi Declaration of Independence	April 6	2012	Mali	National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
Azerbaijan	Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan	May 28	1918	Soviet Russia	Azerbaijani National Council (Hasan bey Aghayev, Fatali Khan Khoyski, Nasib Yusifbeyli, Jamo bey Hajinski, Şefi bey Rustambeyli, Nariman bey Narimanbeyov, Javad Malik-Yeganov, Mustafa Mahmudov)	Ottoman Empire
Azerbaijan	Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan	October 18	1991	Soviet Union	Supreme Council of Azerbaijan	Turkey
Bangladesh	Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence	March 26	1971	Pakistan	Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh	Bhutan
Belarus	Third Constituent Charter	March 25	1918	Soviet Russia	Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
Belarus	Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia	July 31	1920	Poland	Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions	Soviet Russia
Belarus	Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic	July 27	1990	Soviet Union	Supreme Soviet of the BSSR	Turkey
Belgium	Belgian Declaration of Independence	October 4	1830	Netherlands	Provisional Government of Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian Declaration of Independence	March 1	1992	Yugoslavia		Bulgaria
Bougainville	Bougainville Declaration of Independence	May	1990	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville Interim Government
Brazil	Declaration of the Independence of Brazil	September 7	1822	Portugal	Pedro I of Brazil	United States
Bulgaria	Bulgarian Declaration of Independence	September 22	1908	Ottoman Empire	Ferdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria	Russia (5 February 1909)
Burma	Burmese Declaration of Independence	January 4	1948	United Kingdom
Catalonia	Declaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation	April 14	1931	Spain	Francesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Catalonia	Declaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain	October 6	1934	Spain	Lluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Catalonia	Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic	October 27	2017	Spain
Central America(present day Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua)	Act of Independence of Central America	September 15	1821	Spain
Chile	Chilean Declaration of Independence	February 12	1818	Spain	National Congress	Portugal
Colombia	Colombian Declaration of Independence	July 20	1810	Spain
Comoros	Comorian Declaration of Independence	July 6	1975	France	-	Guinea
Crimea	Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea	March 11	2014	Ukraine	Supreme Council of Crimea	Russia
Croatia	Declaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia	June 25	1991	Yugoslavia		Iceland
Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence	October 18	1918	Austria-Hungary	Czechoslovak National Council	United States
Dominican Republic	Dominican Declaration of Independence	February 27	1844	Haiti		United Kingdom
East Timor	East Timorese declaration of independence	November 28	1975	Portugal		Morocco
Egypt	Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence	February 28	1922	United Kingdom	Unilateral grant of independence by the British government	United Kingdom
Estonia	Estonian Declaration of Independence	February 24	1918	Germany Russia	Salvation Committee	Soviet Russia
Finland	Finnish Declaration of Independence	December 6	1917	Russia	Parliament of Finland	Soviet Russia
First Mexican Empire (present day Mexico)	Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (real independence)	September 28	1821	Spain	Supreme Provisional Governmental Board	United Kingdom (January 4, 1825)
Florida	Florida's Constitution of 1861	January 10	1861	United States	Florida State Legislature
Galicia	Declaration of the Republic of Galicia	June 27	1931	Spain
Georgia, Democratic Republic of	Georgian Declaration of Independence, 1918	May 26	1918	Soviet Russia	Georgian National Council	Germany
Georgia, Republic of	Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia	April 9	1991	Soviet Union	Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia	Switzerland
Georgia, State of	Georgia's secession declaration	January 29	1861	United States
Greece	Greek Declaration of Independence	January 1 OS	1822	Ottoman Empire	First National Assembly	Haiti (1822)
Guinea-Bissau	Guinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence	September 24	1973	Portugal
Haiti	Haitian Declaration of Independence	January 1	1804	France	Jean-Jacques Dessalines	France (April 17, 1825)
Hungary	Hungarian Declaration of Independence	April 14	1849	Habsburgs
Iceland	Icelandic Declaration of Independence	June 17	1944	Denmark		United States
India	Declaration of the Independence of India	January 26	1930	United Kingdom
Indonesia	Proclamation of Indonesian Independence	August 17	1945	Netherlands	Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta	Kingdom of Egypt
Iraq	Iraq Declaration of Independence	October 3	1932	United Kingdom		United Kingdom
Ireland	Proclamation of the Irish Republic	April 24 (Easter Monday)	1916	United Kingdom	Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish Republic	Irish Declaration of Independence	January 21	1919	United Kingdom	Dáil Éireann	Soviet Russia
Israel	Israeli Declaration of Independence	May 14	1948	United Kingdom	Jewish People's Council	United States
Katanga	Katangan Declaration of Independence		1960	Congo-Léopoldville
Korea	Korean Declaration of Independence	March 1	1919	Japan	Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea	Republic of China (1933)
Kosova	Proclamation of the Republic of Kosova	September 22	1992	FR Yugoslavia	Assembly of Kosovo	Albania
Kosovo	Kosovo declaration of independence	February 17	2008	Serbia UN Administration	"Democratically elected leaders of our people"	Costa Rica
Latvia	Latvian Declaration of Independence	November 18	1918	Germany Soviet Russia	People's Council of Latvia	Soviet Russia
Latvia	On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia	May 4	1990	Soviet Union	Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR	Iceland
Liberia	Liberian Declaration of Independence	July 16	1847	American Colonization Society	Liberian Constitutional Convention	United Kingdom
Lithuania	Act of Independence of Lithuania	February 16	1918	Germany Soviet Russia	Council of Lithuania	Germany
Lithuania	Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania	March 11	1990	Soviet Union	Supreme Council of Lithuania	Iceland
Lower Canada	Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada	February 22	1838	United Kingdom	Robert Nelson	none
Macedonia	Independence of the Republic of Macedonia	September 8	1991	Yugoslavia		Bulgaria
Malaya (present day Malaysia)	Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957	August 31	1957	United Kingdom	Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia	United Kingdom
Mississippi	A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union	January 9	1861	United States
Moldova	Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova	August 27	1991	Soviet Union	Parliament of the Republic of Moldova	Romania
Montenegro	Montenegro declaration of independence	June 3	2006	Serbia and Montenegro	Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro	Iceland
Morocco	Moroccan Declaration of Independence	January 11	1944	France	Istiqlal Party
Netherlands	Act of Abjuration	July 26	1581	Spain	Union of Utrecht
Northern America (present day) Mexico	Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America	November 6	1813	Spain	Congress of Anáhuac
Northern Cyprus	Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	November 15	1983	Cyprus		Turkey
Northern Epirus	Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence	February 28	1914	Albania	Provisional Government of Northern Epirus
North Solomons	Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons	September 1	1975	Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)	Unknown	Vatican City
Norway (Kingdom of Norway)	Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after, sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway	May 17	1814	Denmark-Norway (As of Treaty of Kiel)	Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Padania	Padanian Declaration of Independence	September 15	1996	Italy
Pakistan	Lahore Resolution	March 24	1940	United Kingdom	Muslim League (Pakistan)
Palestine	Palestinian Declaration of Independence	November 15	1988	Palestinian territories Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)	Palestinian National Council	Arab League
Peru	Act of the Declaration of Independence of Peru	July 28	1821	Spain	José de San Martín	Argentina
Philippines	Philippine Declaration of Independence	June 12	1898	Spain United States	98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress)
Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina Bolivia Uruguay)	Argentine Declaration of Independence	July 9	1816	Spain	Congress of Tucumán	Hawaii
Rhodesia	Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence	November 11	1965	United Kingdom	Ian Smith and the rest of the Cabinet	none
Romania	Romanian Declaration of Independence	May 22	1877	Ottoman Empire	King Carol I
Russia	Belovezha Accords	December 12	1991	Soviet Union	Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Bir Lehlou Declaration	February 27	1976	Spanish Sahara	Polisario Front	Madagascar
Scotland	Declaration of Arbroath	April 6	1320	England	Scottish leaders
Serbia	The Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније)	February	1809	Ottoman Empire	Karađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
Singapore	Proclamation of Singapore	August 9	1965	Malaysia	Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore	United Kingdom (confirmed earlier recognition)
Slovakia	Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation	July 17	1992	Czechoslovakia	Slovak National Council
Slovenia	Slovenian Declaration of Independence	June 25	1991	Yugoslavia		Croatia
Somaliland	Somaliland Declaration of Independence	May 18	1991	Somalia		None
South Carolina	Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union	December 24	1860	United States	South Carolinians in Charleston
Sri Lanka	Declaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon")	February 4	1948	United Kingdom
Texas, Republic of	Texas Declaration of Independence	March 2	1836	Mexico		France
Texas, State of	A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union	February 1	1861	United States	Texas Legislature
Tibet	Tibet's Declaration of Independence	February 13	1913	China	13th Dalai Lama	Mongolia
Turkmenistan	Declaration of independence		1991	Soviet Union	none	Turkey
Ukraine	IV Universal	January 22	1918	Soviet Russia	Central Council of Ukraine
Ukraine	Declaration of Independence of Ukraine	August 24	1991	Soviet Union	Verkhovna Rada	Canada Poland
United States	United States Declaration of Independence	July 2	1776	Great Britain	Second Continental Congress	Morocco
United Tribes of New Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	October 28	1835	—	Māori chiefs	United Kingdom
Uzbekistan	Declaration of Independence	August 31	1991	Soviet Union	Supreme Council of Uzbekistan	Turkey
Venezuela	Venezuelan Declaration of Independence	July 5	1811	Spain	National Congress
Vermont	Vermont Declaration of Independence	January 15	1777	United States British Quebec
Vietnam	Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	September 2	1945	France	Hồ Chí Minh	China

Notas explicativas

^ Nenhuma referência no texto albanês original à declaração é o trabalho da Assembleia do Kosovo. A linguagem utilizada na declaração difere daquela empregada em atos da Assembleia do Kosovo, na medida em que o primeiro parágrafo começa com a frase "Nós, os líderes democraticamente eleitos do nosso povo...", enquanto os atos da Assembleia do Kosovo empregam a terceira pessoa singular. Além disso, o procedimento empregado em relação à declaração difere daquele empregado pela Assembleia do Kosovo para a adopção da legislação. Não foi transmitido ao Representante Especial do Secretário-Geral e não foi publicado no Diário Oficial das Instituições Provisórias do Auto-Governo do Kosovo. Como mostra a prática, ele teria o dever de tomar medidas em relação aos atos da Assembleia do Kosovo que ele considerava ultra vires. Tomando todos os fatores juntos, os autores da declaração de independência de 17 de fevereiro de 2008 não agiram como uma das Instituições Provisórias de Autogoverno dentro do Quadro Constitucional, mas sim como pessoas que atuaram juntos em sua capacidade como representantes do povo do Kosovo fora do quadro da administração interina.
^ O Congresso Continental votou a favor da Declaração de Independência em 2 de julho. As versões não foram impressas até 4 de julho e mais tarde, enquanto os signatários não assinaram a declaração de Matlack até agosto.

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