Vuelo 447 de Air France
Aviones
Pasajeros y tripulación

Nacionalidad | Pasajeros | Crew | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Austria | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Bélgica | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Brasil | 58 | 1 | 59 |
Canadá | 1 | 0 | 1 |
China | 9 | 0 | 9 |
Croacia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Dinamarca | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Estonia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Francia | 61 | 11 | 72 |
Gabón | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Alemania | 26 | 0 | 26 |
Hungría | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Islandia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Irlanda | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Italia | 9 | 0 | 9 |
Líbano | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Marruecos | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Países Bajos | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Noruega | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Philippines | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Polonia | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Rumania | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Rusia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Eslovaquia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Sudáfrica | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Corea del Sur | 1 | 0 | 1 |
España | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Suecia | 1 2) | 0 | 1 2) |
Suiza | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Turquía | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Reino Unido | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Estados Unidos | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Total | 216 | 12 | 228 |
Notas:
|
- El piloto de mando, el capitán Marc Dubois, de 58 años, se había unido a Air France en febrero de 1988 por el rival de la compañía aérea francesa Air Inter (que más tarde se fusionó con Air France), y tenía 10.988 horas de vuelo, de las cuales 6.258 eran capitán, incluyendo 1.700 horas en el Airbus A330; había llevado a cabo 16 rotaciones en el sector de Sudamérica desde su llegada a la división A330/A.
- El copiloto de relevo de cruceros en el asiento izquierdo, el primer oficial de 37 años David Robert (PNF) se había unido a Air France en julio de 1998 y tenía 6.547 horas de vuelo, de las cuales 4.479 horas estaban en el Airbus A330; había llevado a cabo 39 rotaciones en el sector de Sudamérica desde que llegó a la división A330/A340 en 2002. Robert se había graduado de École nationale de l'aviation civile, una de las élites Grandes Écoles, y había pasado de un piloto a un trabajo de gestión en el centro de operaciones de la aerolínea. Sirvió como piloto en el vuelo para mantener sus credenciales de vuelo.
- El copiloto en el asiento derecho, de 32 años, el primer oficial Pierre-Cédric Bonin (pilot volante, PF) se había unido a Air France en octubre de 2003 y tenía 2.936 horas de vuelo, de las cuales 807 horas estaban en el Airbus A330; había realizado cinco rotaciones en el sector de Sudamérica desde que llegó a la división A330/A340 en 2008. Su esposa Isabelle, profesora de física, también estaba a bordo.
- Senior Purser Anne Grimout (49), 25 años de servicio, Purser Françoise Sonnic (54), 28 años de servicio, y Purser Maryline Messaud (45), 20 años de servicio.
- Los asistentes Laurence Desmots (44), 18 años de servicio, Stéphanie Schoumacker (38), 13 años de servicio, Sébastien Vedovati (33), 11 años de servicio, Clara Amado (31), 8 años de servicio, Carole Guillaumont (31), 5 años de servicio, y Lucas Gagliano (23), 2 años de servicio.
Pasajeros notables
- Príncipe Pedro Luiz de Orléans-Braganza, tercero en sucesión al trono abolido de Brasil y nieto del Gran Duque Jean de Luxemburgo. Tenía doble ciudadanía brasileña-bélgica. Regresó a Luxemburgo de una visita a sus familiares en Río de Janeiro.
- Giambattista Lenzi, miembro del Consejo Regional de Trentino-Alto Adige.
- Silvio Barbato, compositor y ex director de las orquestas sinfónicas del Teatro Nacional Cláudio Santoro en Brasilia y el Teatro Municipal de Río de Janeiro; fue en ruta a Kiev para compromisos allí.
- Octavio Augusto Ceva Antunes, profesor de química y farmacia de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro.
- Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu, arpista clásico turco y académico de la Universidad de Anadolu en Eskişehir; regresaba a casa a través de París después de realizar el cuarto Festival de Río Harp.
- Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler, profesora de estudios alemanes en la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro.
- Pablo Dreyfus de Argentina, activista por el control de armas ilegales y el comercio ilegal de drogas.
Accidente

Mensajes automáticos

Los 24 mensajes de ACARS
Horas | Código | Interpretación |
22:45 | FAILURE LAV CONF | Inodoro de mal funcionamiento |
02:10 | WARNING AUTO FLT AP OFF | Desconectar el piloto automático |
02:10 | WARNING AUTO FLT | Desconocido |
02:10 | WARNING F/CTL ALTN LAW | El sistema Fly-by-wire cambia de modo normal (Derecho normal) al modo alternativo (Derecho Suplente), desactivando muchos sistemas de seguridad de vuelo |
02:10 | WARNING FLAG ON CAPT PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del comandante (CM1) - los sonidos de alarma de velocidad incorrecta |
02:10 | WARNING FLAG ON F/O PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del primer oficial (CM2) - sonidos de alarma incorrectos de la velocidad del aire |
02:10 | AUTO FLT A/THR OFF | El automatismo inherente a la gestión del acelerador del motor desconecta |
02:10 | PUEBLO DE NAV TCAS | El sistema de evitación de colisión (TCAS) falla y se desactiva |
02:10 | WARNING FLAG ON CAPT PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del comandante (CM1) - los sonidos de alarma de velocidad incorrecta |
02:10 | WARNING FLAG ON F/O PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del primer oficial (CM2) - sonidos de alarma incorrectos de la velocidad del aire |
02:10 | WARNING F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT | El mensaje indica que el limitador de viaje de Rudder ha sido desactivado - restaurando la deflexión máxima en el timón |
02:10 | WARNING MAINTENANCE STATUS | Desconocido |
02:10 | WARNING MAINTENANCE STATUS | Desconocido |
02:10 | FAILURE EFCS2 1 | Otros problemas con el sistema electrónico de control de vuelo |
02:10 | FAILURE EFCS1 X2 | Otros problemas con el sistema electrónico de control de vuelo |
02:11 | WARNING FLAG ON CAPT PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del comandante (CM1) - los sonidos de alarma de velocidad incorrecta |
02:11 | WARNING FLAG ON F/O PFD | En la pantalla de vuelo primaria (PFD) del lado del primer oficial (CM2) - sonidos de alarma incorrectos de la velocidad del aire |
02:12 | ADR DISAGREE | Las discrepancias son detectadas por la Referencia de Datos de Aire (ADR) al adquirir datos vitales como velocidad y actitud de vuelo (AoA) - Posible falsa alarma |
02:12 | FAILURE ISIS 1 | Problemas en el horizonte artificial electrónico - Instrumento de reserva integrado |
02:12 | FAILURE IR2 1,EFCS1X,IR1,IR3 | Otros problemas con los sistemas inerciales de la aeronave (IR1,IR2,IR3) y con el Fly-by-wire |
02:13 | ADVERTENCIA F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT | La computadora primaria que administra las superficies de control entra en error y se desactiva (probablemente debido a discrepancias significativas y errores adquiridos a partir de los datos de vuelo) |
02:13 | WARNING F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT | Desactivación de la computadora inherente a las superficies de control (Spoiler y Computación del Ascensor) - (posiblemente debido a discrepancias significativas y errores adquiridos a partir de datos de vuelo) |
02:14 | WARNING MAINTENANCE STATUS | Desconocido |
02:14 | FAILURE AFS | El Sistema de vuelo automático apagado |
02:14 | WARNING ADVISORY | Mensaje que puede indicar un descenso o depresión demasiado rápido de la aeronave, aunque no se puede descartar que esté distorsionado por errores de instrumentación. |
Condiciones meteorológicas
Búsqueda y recuperación

Búsqueda de superficie




Búsqueda subacuática


2011 búsqueda y recuperación

Mejoras de la investigación y la seguridad
- Es probable que el aerolínea haya alcanzado la superficie del mar en una actitud normal de vuelo, con una alta tasa de descenso;
- No se encontraron señales de incendios ni explosiones.
- El avión no se rompió en vuelo. En el informe también se subraya que la BEA no había tenido acceso a la post mortem reporta en el momento de su escritura.
Inconsistencia de la velocidad del aire
Tubos de pitot
Conclusiones del registrador de datos de vuelo
transcripción conducida del grabador de voz de la cabina | |||
---|---|---|---|
Hora | Presidente | Francés | Traducción en inglés |
02:02:00 | El capitán deja la cubierta de vuelo para tomar una siesta, dejando la experiencia considerablemente menor de los dos copilotos al mando. | ||
02:03:44 | Bonin (Siento derecho) | La convergencia inter tropicale... voilà, là on est dedans, entre SALPU et TASIL. Et puis, voilà, on est en plein dedans... | La convergencia intertropical... mira, estamos en ella, entre [puntos] SALPU y TASIL. Y entonces, mira, estamos en eso... |
02:05:55 | Robert (Siento izquierdo) | Oui, on va les appeler derrière... pour leur dire quand même parce que... | Sí, vamos a llamarlos atrás, para avisarles de todos modos, porque... |
02:05:59 | Auxiliar de vuelo | ¿Oui? Marilyn. | ¿Sí? Marilyn aquí. |
02:06:04 | Bonin | Oui, Marilyn, c'est Pierre devant... Dis-moi, dans deux minutes, on devrait attaquer une zone où ça devrait bouger un peu plus que maintenant. Il faudrait vous méfier là. | Sí, Marilyn, es Pierre delante... Escucha, en dos minutos, vamos a entrar en un área donde las cosas van a estar moviendo un poco más que ahora. Vas a querer cuidarte. |
02:06:13 | Auxiliar de vuelo | D'accord, ¿en los aleros del assoit? | ¿Entonces deberíamos sentarnos? |
02:06:15 | Bonin | Bon, je pense que ce serait pas mal... ¡Tu préviens les copains! | Bueno, creo que no es una mala idea. Dale a tus amigos un aviso. |
02:06:18 | Auxiliar de vuelo | Ouais, OK, j'appelle les autres derrière. Merci beaucoup. | Sí, está bien, se lo diré a los demás en la parte de atrás. Muchas gracias. |
02:06:19 | Bonin | Mais je te rappelle dès qu'on est sorti de là. | Te llamaré en cuanto salgamos. |
02:06:20 | Auxiliar de vuelo | OK | OK |
02:06:50 | Bonin | Va pour les anti-ice. C'est toujours ça de pris. | Vamos por el sistema anti-icing. Es mejor que nada. |
02:07:00 | Bonin | En est apparemment à la limite de la sofae, ça devrait aller. | Parece que estamos al final de la capa de nube, podría estar bien. |
02:08:03 | Robert | Tu peux éventuellement le tirer un peu à gauche. | Es posible que puedas tirarlo un poco a la izquierda. |
02:08:05 | Bonin | ¿Perdón? | Lo siento, ¿qué? |
02:08:07 | Robert | Tu peux éventuellement prendre un peu à gauche. ¿En est d'accord qu'on est en manuel, hein? | Es posible que puedas tirarlo un poco a la izquierda. Estamos de acuerdo en que estamos en manual, ¿sí? |
Un sonido de gong indicando que el piloto automático se ha desconectado (porque los tubos de pitot se han enfriado). | |||
02:10:06 | Bonin | J'ai les commandes. | Tengo los controles. |
02:10:07 | Robert | D'accord. | Vale. |
Bonin lleva el avión a una subida empinada; Un chime alerta a la tripulación que están dejando su altitud designada. Esto es seguido por una advertencia de estancamiento y un sonido de advertencia fuerte llamado "cricket". | |||
02:10:07 | Robert | Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça? | ¿Qué es esto? |
02:10:15 | Bonin | En n'a pas une bonne... En n'a pas une bonne annonce de vitesse. | No hay nada bueno... No hay buena indicación de velocidad. |
02:10:16 | Robert | ¿En un perdu les, les, les vitesses alors? | Hemos perdido las velocidades. |
El avión está subiendo a 7.000 pies por minuto, disminuyendo todo el tiempo hasta que su velocidad sea de sólo 93 nudos (172 km/h) | |||
02:10:27 | Robert | Faites attention à ta vitesse. Faites attention à ta vitesse. | Preste atención a su velocidad. Preste atención a su velocidad. |
02:10:28 | Bonin | Vale, vale, je redescends. | Vale, vale, estoy descendiendo. |
02:10:30 | Robert | Tus estabilizaciones... | Estabilizarlo... |
02:10:31 | Bonin | Ouais. | Sí. |
02:10:31 | Robert | Tus redescenas... En el tren de monter selon lui... Selon lui, tu montes, donc tu redescends. | Bájala... Dice que vamos a subir... Dice que subimos, así que desciende. |
02:10:35 | Bonin | D'accord. | Vale. |
A medida que el sistema de desconexión tiene efecto, uno de los tubos de pitot comienza a trabajar de nuevo, y la cabina muestra de nuevo la información de velocidad correcta | |||
02:10:36 | Robert | Redescends! | ¡Abajo! |
02:10:37 | Bonin | C'est parti, en redescend. | Aquí vamos, descendemos. |
02:10:38 | Robert | ¡Doucement! | ¡Con cuidado! |
Bonin disminuye su presión atrasada en el palillo, y las advertencias se detienen a medida que aumenta la velocidad del aire | |||
02:10:41 | Bonin | On est en... ouais, on est en "climb". | Estamos... sí, estamos escalando. |
Bonin no empuja la nariz hacia abajo. Robert presiona un botón para llamar al capitán. | |||
02:10:49 | Robert | Putain, il est où... euh? | Hijo de puta, ¿dónde está? |
02:10:55 | Robert | ¡Putain! | ¡Maldita sea! |
El otro tubo de pitot comienza a trabajar de nuevo; todos los sistemas de aviones son una vez más funcionales, y los pilotos simplemente tienen que empujar la nariz hacia abajo para recuperar el avión de su puesto. | |||
02:11:03 | Bonin | Je suis en TOGA, hein? | Estoy en TOGA [Modo Takeoff/Go-around]¿Eh? |
Bonin está tratando de aumentar la velocidad y escalar como si despegar o abortar un aterrizaje, pero está a 37.500 pies donde esta maniobra es inapropiada. | |||
02:11:06 | Robert | Putain, il vient ou il vient pas? | Maldita sea, ¿viene o no? |
El avión alcanza su altura máxima; con la nariz de 18 grados, comienza a descender. | |||
02:11 | Robert | ¡En un vertedero les moteurs! Qu'est-ce qui se passe burl? Je ne comprends pas ce que se passe. | ¡Todavía tenemos los motores! ¿Qué demonios está pasando? No entiendo lo que está pasando. |
La gestión de recursos de la tripulación falla ya que Robert no es consciente de que Bonin todavía está tirando duro de su palo ya que los controles de los dos pilotos no están conectados físicamente para que se muevan juntos. Buffeting ya que el avión está cayendo hace difícil mantener el nivel de las alas. | |||
02:11:32 | Bonin | Putain, j'ai plus le contrôle de l'avion, là! ¡J'ai más el contrôle de l'avion! | Hijo de puta, no tengo control del avión, no tengo control del avión en absoluto! |
02:11:37 | Robert | ¡Comandantes a gauche! | ¡Control a la izquierda! |
El copiloto más alto toma brevemente el control, pero no es consciente de que el avión se ha estancado. Bonin recupera el control mientras el capitán regresa. | |||
02:11:43 | Capitán | Eh... ¿Qué es lo que vous foutez? | Eh... ¿Qué estás tramando? |
02:11:45 | Bonin | En perd le contrôle de l'avion, là! | ¡Hemos perdido el control del avión! |
02:11:47 | Robert | En un total perdu le contrôle de l'avion... En el rien comprend... En una tienda... | Hemos perdido totalmente el control del avión. No entendemos nada... Lo hemos intentado todo. |
El avión está de vuelta a la altitud correcta, pero cayendo a 10.000 pies por minuto con un ángulo de ataque de 41 grados. Los tubos de pitot son funcionales, pero como la velocidad ha caído por debajo de 60 nudos (110 km/h) y el ángulo de ataque es demasiado grande, los datos se consideran inválidos y las advertencias de estancamiento se detienen. | |||
02:12:14 | Robert | Qu'est-ce que tu en penses? Qu'est-ce que tu en penses? ¿Qu'est-ce qu'il faut faire? | ¿Qué piensas? ¿Qué piensas? ¿Qué debemos hacer? |
02:12:15 | Capitán | ¡Alors, là, je ne sais pas! | ¡Bueno, no lo sé! |
El capitán insta a Bonin a nivelar las alas, que no aborda la cuestión primaria del puesto. Los hombres discuten si están escalando o descendiendo, antes de acordar que de hecho están descendiendo. A medida que el avión se acerca a 10.000 pies, Robert intenta recuperar los controles, y empuja hacia adelante en el palo, sin embargo en el modo "entrada real", el sistema de vuelo promedio sus entradas con los de Bonin, que todavía está retrocediendo. Por lo tanto, la nariz sigue subiendo. | |||
02:13:40 | Robert | Remonte... remonte... remonte... remonte... remonte... | Sube... sube... sube... sube... sube... |
Bonin se comunica por primera vez que ha estado sacando el palo todo el tiempo. | |||
02:13:40 | Bonin | Mais je suis à fond à cabrer depuis tout à l'heure! | ¡Pero he tenido el palo todo el tiempo! |
02:13:42 | Capitán | No, no, no... Ne remonte pas... no, no. | No, no. No subas... no, no. |
02:13:43 | Robert | Alors baja... Alors, donne-moi les commandes... À moi les commandes! | Entonces baja... Mira, dame los controles... ¡Dame los controles! |
Bonin renuncia al control a Robert que por primera vez es capaz de empujar la nariz hacia abajo para recoger la velocidad. Una advertencia de proximidad terrestre suena a 2.000 pies, y Bonin una vez más comienza a tirar de nuevo en el palo. | |||
02:14:23 | Robert | Putain, on va taper... ¡C'est pas vrai! | Hijo de puta, nos estrellaremos... ¡Esto no puede ser real! |
02:14:25 | Bonin | ¿Mais qu'est-ce que se passe? | ¿Pero qué pasa? |
02:14:27 | Capitán | 10 degrès d'assiette... | Diez grados de lanzamiento... |
Fin de la grabación |
Tercer informe provisional
- The pilots had not applied the unreliable-airspeed procedure.
- El piloto en control retrocedió en el palo, aumentando así el ángulo de ataque y haciendo que el avión suba rápidamente.
- Al parecer, los pilotos no notaron que la aeronave había alcanzado su altura máxima admisible.
- Los pilotos no leyeron los datos disponibles (velocidad vertical, altitud, etc.).
- La advertencia sonaba continuamente durante 54 segundos.
- The pilots did not comment on the stall warnings and apparently did not realize that the aircraft was stalled.
- Había algo de bufé asociado con el puesto.
- La advertencia se desactiva por el diseño cuando el ángulo de las mediciones de ataque se considera inválido, y este es el caso cuando la velocidad de aire cae por debajo de un determinado límite.
- En consecuencia, la advertencia de los puestos se produjo cuando el piloto empujó hacia adelante en el palo y luego se detuvo cuando él retrocedió; esto sucedió varias veces durante el puesto y esto pudo haber confundido a los pilotos.
- A pesar de que eran conscientes de que la altitud estaba disminuyendo rápidamente, los pilotos no pudieron determinar qué instrumentos confiar; todos los valores podrían haberles parecido incoherentes.
Informe final
- La inconsistencia temporal entre las velocidades medida, probablemente como resultado de la obstrucción de los tubos de pitot por los cristales de hielo, causó la desconexión del piloto automático y la reconfiguración [modo de control de vuelo] a "ley alternativa (ALT)".
- La tripulación hizo entradas de control inapropiadas que desestabilizaron la ruta del vuelo.
- La tripulación no siguió el procedimiento adecuado para la pérdida de información de velocidad aérea mostrada.
- La tripulación llegó tarde a identificar y corregir la desviación de la ruta del vuelo.
- La tripulación carecía de comprensión del acercamiento al estancamiento.
- La tripulación no reconoció que la aeronave se había estancado, y por consiguiente no hizo insumos que hubieran hecho posible recuperarse del puesto.
- Mecanismos de retroalimentación entre todos los involucrados (en el informe se identifican fabricantes, operadores, tripulantes de vuelo y organismos reguladores), lo que hizo imposible identificar repetidamente la no aplicación del procedimiento de pérdida de información de la velocidad aérea, y asegurar que las tripulaciones fueran capacitadas para localizar las sondas de pitot y sus consecuencias.
- La falta de entrenamiento práctico de la tripulación para manejar manualmente el avión tanto a alta altura como en caso de anomalías de indicación de velocidad.
- El debilitamiento del reparto de tareas de los dos copilotos, tanto por la incomprensión de la situación en el momento de la desconexión del piloto automático como por la mala gestión del "efecto de arranque", dejándolos en un estado emocionalmente cargado.
- La cabina no muestra claramente las inconsistencias en lecturas de velocidad aérea identificadas por los ordenadores de vuelo.
- La falta de respuesta de la tripulación a la advertencia, ya sea debido a la falta de identificación de la advertencia aural, a la transiencia de las advertencias de estancamiento que podrían haber sido consideradas espurias, a la ausencia de cualquier información visual que pudiera confirmar que el avión se acercaba al estancamiento después de perder las velocidades características, a confundir el bufé relacionado con los puestos para el bufé relacionado con la velocidad excesiva, a las indicaciones del director de vuelo que el error que confirmabatido
Análisis independientes
Significado del accidente
Indicación del ángulo de ataque
Factores humanos e interacción informática
Problema de control lateral
Fatiga
Aftermath

Indicadores de velocidad aérea inexactos
Casos jurídicos
En la cultura popular
Vanity Fair publicó en octubre de 2014 un artículo sobre el accidente, escrito por el autor y piloto estadounidense William Langewiesche y titulado "¿Deberían los aviones volar solos?".El 23 de junio de 2015 se publicó un episodio del podcast 99% Invisible sobre el vuelo, titulado "Hijos del Magenta (Paradoja de la Automatización, parte 1)", el primero de una historia de dos partes sobre la automatización.En noviembre de 2015, el profesor David Mindell, del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT), analizó la tragedia del vuelo 447 de Air France en el segmento inicial de un podcast de EconTalk dedicado a las ideas de su libro de 2015, «Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths of Autonomy». Mindell afirmó que el accidente ilustró una «transferencia fallida», sin suficiente aviso, del piloto automático de la aeronave a los pilotos humanos.El podcast Black Box Down, producido por Rooster Teeth, cubrió el vuelo en un episodio titulado "Pérdida de sustentación a 38.000 pies sobre el Atlántico" el 30 de julio de 2020.El 9 de septiembre de 2021, el documental de Science Channel, Deadly Engineering, cubrió el accidente en el episodio 1 de la temporada 3: "Catástrofes en el cielo".
Véase también
- Vuelo Indonesia AirAsia 8501, un accidente mortal del 2014 con un Airbus A320 resultante de un estancamiento de alta altitud y pilotos haciendo entradas opuestas con los controles laterales del avión
- Colgan Air Flight 3407, a 2009 fatal crash resulting from improper response to a stall by the pilot
- Vuelo de Birgenair 301, un accidente mortal de 1996 resultante de tubos bloqueados de pitot que condujeron a una estallada de alta altitud
- Vuelo Aeroperú 603, un accidente mortal de 1996 causado por un puerto estático bloqueado
- Northwest Orient Airlines Vuelo 6231, un accidente mortal de 1974 causado por tubos de pitot congelados
- XL Airways Alemania Vuelo 888T, un accidente mortal de 2008 resultante de un puesto que fue causado por sensores de ángulo de ataque congelados
- Vuelo de Air Algérie 5017, un accidente mortal del 2014 causado por el acumulación de hielo en los motores y la reducción del empuje, que causó que el avión se desacelerara hasta el punto de estancamiento
- Turkish Airlines Vuelo 5904, otro vuelo que se estrelló porque los pilotos manejaron indebidamente información de velocidad aérea inadecuada debido a los tubos congelados de pitot.
- TWA Vuelo 841 (1979) y China Airlines Vuelo 006, otros accidentes en los que los errores piloto llevaron a puestos.
- List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents
- Accidentes e incidentes de Air France
Notas
- ^ a b El 2 en el sufijo denota que era una variante de la serie -200 del A330; 03 denota que estaba equipado con motores General Electric CF6-80E1A3.
- ^ El BEA no pudo identificar positivamente esta palabra, por lo que fue encerrado entre paréntesis en la transcripción CVR. CITEREFBEA_final_appx12012
- ^ En el momento de su desaparición, el F-GZCP estaba utilizando la comunicación por satélite, su posición sobre la mitad del Atlántico, estando demasiado lejos de los receptores terrestres para que el VHF fuera eficaz.
- ^ En el mapa, las coordenadas del primer informe provisional de BEA con la información de la página 13 se refieren como la "última posición conocida" (francés: Dernière position connue, "última posición conocida").
- ^ Más precisamente: que después de que uno de los tres sistemas independientes fuera diagnosticado como defectuoso y excluido de la consideración, los dos sistemas restantes no estaban de acuerdo.
- ^ 850 de su Armada y 250 de la Fuerza Aérea.
- ^ Las áreas que muestran la batimetría detallada fueron mapeadas usando sonar batimétrico multibeam. Las zonas que mostraban una batimetría muy generalizada se mapeaban utilizando alquitría satelital de alta densidad.
- ^ El Remora 6000 vehículo operado a distancia fue diseñado y construido por Phoenix International Holdings, Inc. de Largo, Maryland, Estados Unidos.
- ^ Se consideró que el aerolineador estaba en una actitud de casi nivel, pero con una alta tasa de descenso cuando chocó con la superficie del océano. Ese impacto causó altas fuerzas de desaceleración y compresión en el aerolínea, como lo demuestran las deformaciones que se encontraron en los restos recuperados.
- ^ Algunos informes han descrito esto como un estancamiento profundo, pero este fue un estancamiento convencional de estado constante. Un puesto profundo está asociado con un avión con cola T, pero este avión no tiene cola T. El BEA lo describió como un "plaza sostenido".
- ^ Hubo un problema similar de control lateral en el accidente de vuelo 8501 de Air Asia.
- ^ "No dormí lo suficiente anoche. Una hora: no es suficiente ahora mismo". "Cette nuit, j'ai pas assez dormi. Une heure, c'était pas assez tout à l'heure."
- ^ Para una explicación de cómo se mide la velocidad del aire, consulte la referencia de los datos del aire.
Obras citadas
Fuentes oficiales (en inglés)
- BEA (Francia) (2 de julio de 2009), Informe provisional sobre el accidente ocurrido el 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo AF 447 Río de Janeiro – París (PDF), traducido por BEA de francés, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, OCLC 821207217, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 13 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (30 de noviembre de 2009), Informe provisional n°2 sobre el accidente el 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo AF 447 Río de Janeiro – París (PDF), traducido por BEA del francés, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, ISBN 978-2-11-098715-0, OCLC 827738411, archivado (PDF) original el 23 de diciembre de 2022, recuperado 12 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (29 de julio de 2011), Informe provisional n °3 sobre el accidente el 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo Air France AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – París. (PDF), traducido por BEA del francés, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, OCLC 827738487, archivado (PDF) original el 23 de diciembre de 2022, recuperado 12 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), Informe final On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris (PDF), traducido por BEA de francés, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 12 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), "Anexión 1 CVR Transcripción" (PDF), Informe final On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris, translated by BEA from French, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archived (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 11 de julio 2012
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), "Appendix 2 FDR Chronology" (PDF), Informe final On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris (PDF), traducido por BEA de francés, Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 12 de marzo 2017
Fuentes oficiales (en francés): la versión en francés es la que se conserva.
- BEA (Francia) (2 de julio de 2009), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro-Paris f-cp090601e: Rapport d'étape [Informe provisional sobre el accidente del 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – París] (PDF) (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, ISBN 978-2-11-098702-0, OCLC 816349880, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 13 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (30 de noviembre de 2009), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'avion Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France Vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro-Paris: rapport d'étape n° 2 [Informe provisional n°2 sobre el accidente del 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo Air France AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris] (PDF) (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, ISBN 978-2-11-098713-6, OCLC 762531678, archivado (PDF) del original el 10 de octubre de 2022, recuperado 13 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (29 de julio de 2011), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'avion Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France Vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro-Paris: rapport d'étape n° 3 [Informe provisional n°3 sobre el accidente del 1 de junio de 2009 al Airbus A330-203 registrado F-GZCP operado por el vuelo Air France AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris] (PDF) (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) del original el 10 de octubre de 2022, recuperado 13 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris Rapport final [Informe final On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris] (PDF) (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 12 de marzo 2017
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), "Annexe 1 Transcripción CVR" [Apéndice 1 CVR Transcripción] (PDF), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris [Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris] (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) del original el 10 de octubre de 2022, recuperado 24 de julio 2019
- BEA (Francia) (5 de julio de 2012), "Annexe 2 Chronologie FDR" [Apéndice 2 FDR Chronology] (PDF), Accident survenu le 1er juin 2009 à l'Airbus A330-203 immatriculé F-GZCP exploité par Air France vol AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris [Informe final On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro – Paris] (en francés), Le Bourget: BEA Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, archivado (PDF) original el 30 mayo 2019, recuperado 24 de julio 2019
Otras fuentes
- Otelli, Jean-Pierre (2011). Erreurs de pilotage: Tome 5 [Error piloto: Volumen 5] (en francés). Levallois-Perret: Altipresse. ISBN 979-10-90465-03-9. OCLC 780308849.
- Rapoport, Roger (2011). El Río/París Crash: Air France 447. Prensa Lexográfica. ISBN 978-0-9847142-0-9.
- Malmquist, Shem; Rapport, Roger (2017). Angle of Attack: Air France 447 and the future of Aviation Safety. Prensa Lexográfica. ISBN 978-0-9847142-6-1.
- Palmer, Bill (2013). Understanding Air France 447 (papeles). William Palmer. ISBN 978-0989785723.
Notas
Referencias
- ^ a b BEA first 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x BEA final 2012
- ^ "Air France crash: Trial ordered for Airbus and airline over 2009 disaster". BBC News. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ a b c BEA third 2011.
- ^ Clark, Nicola (29 July 2011). "Report on Air France Crash Points to Pilot Training Issues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^ a b Ranter, Harro. "Accident description F-GZCP". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ "F-GZCP", Aviation civile [Civil aviation] (registration data) (in French), The Government of France, archived from the original on 20 July 2011, retrieved 27 June 2009
- ^ "EASA Type Certificate Data Sheet for AIRBUS A330" (PDF). European Aviation Safety Agency. 22 November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2014. p. 18 sec. 1.2.1
- ^ "JACDEC Special accident report Air France Flight 447". Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
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- ^ "Prije 14 godina nestao je avion Air Francea: Među 228 poginulih bio je i hrvatski pomorac koji je krenuo kući" [14 years ago, the Air France plane disappeared: Among the 228 dead was a Croatian sailor who was on his way home]. Vecernji list (in Croatian). 11 June 2023.
- ^ "Air France: kaduma lдinud lennukis viibis ka ьks Eesti kodanik" [Air France: one Estonian citizen was also on board the missing plane]. Postimees (in Estonian). 1 June 2009.
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- ^ "Opfer Ines G.: Fliegen war für sie Routine" [Victim Ines G.: Flying was routine for her]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 17 May 2010.
- ^ "Lík Íslendings sem fórst í Air France slysinu fundið" [Body of the Icelander that died in the Air France crash found]. Vísir (in Icelandic). 18 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ Byrne, Ciaran; Kane, Conor; Hickey, Shane; Bray, Allison (2 June 2009). "Three Irish doctors die in mystery jet tragedy". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ^ "Dopo 10 anni, ancora oscura la fine del volo AF Rio-Parigi: morirono 228 persone, 9 erano italiani" [After 10 years, the end of the AF Rio-Paris flight is still obscure: 228 people died, 9 were Italians]. La Stampa (in Italian). 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019.
- ^ "Tragique fin d'une mission officielle pour trois Marocains" [Tragic end of an official mission for three Moroccans]. Aujourd'hui Maroc (in French). 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "Zeisterse in verdwenen Air France vlucht" [Zeisterse in disappeared Air France flight]. RTV Utrecht (in Dutch). rtvutrecht.nl. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
- ^ "Alexander kommer aldri tilbake på skolen" [Alexander never comes back to school]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
- ^ "Agency ready to aid kin of Pinoy victim in Air France crash". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. ABS-CBN Corporation. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "10 lat po katastrofie Air France lot 447 - ustalenia, polski wątek, wspomnienia" [10 years after the crash of Air France flight 447 - findings, Polish thread, memories]. polskiFR (in Polish). 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "Violeta Bajenaru-Declerck, romanca aflata la bordul Air France 447" [Violeta Bajenaru-Declerck, Romanian on Air France 447]. Gândul (in Romanian). 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014.
- ^ Gorelova, Maria; Bogdanova, Ekaterina (1 June 2009). "В пропавшем над Атлантикой самолете был россиянин Андрей Киселев" [The missing plane over the Atlantic was Russian Andrei Kiselev]. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). Izdatelsky Dom Komsomolskaya Pravda. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Truinová, Durina (3 June 2009). "Aj tretí Slovák zo strateného letu bol z Levického okresu" [The third Slovak from the lost flight was also from the Levice district]. SME (in Slovak). Petit.
- ^ "Crash victim's widow 'strong'". News24. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "[세계의 눈] "실종 여객기 잔해 발견…한국인 1명 탑승"" [[Eyes of the world] "Finding the wreckage of the missing airliner… 1 Korean on board"]. Korean Broadcasting System (in Korean). 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "Andrés Suárez Montes: Nueva vida en París" [Andrés Suárez Montes: New life in Paris]. ABC (Spain) (in Spanish). 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ Thorsson, Eric (4 April 2011). "Nya fynd kan lösa gåtan om deras död" [New findings may solve the mystery of their deaths]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ "Airbus disparu: témoignages, hypothèses et démenti" [Airbus disappeared: testimonies, hypotheses and denial]. rts.ch (in French). Radio Télévision Suisse. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "The Last Recital in Rio de Janeiro". Korhan Bircan. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique; Tran, Mark (1 June 2009). "Britons among Air France crash victims". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Moyer, Amanda (3 June 2009). "American couple on Flight 447 loved life, relatives say". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Press release N° 5" (Press release). Air France. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
- ^ Naughton, Philippe; Bremner, Charles (1 June 2009). "Air France jet with 215 people on board 'drops off radar'". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ "Air France statement on crashed airliner in the Atlantic". BNO News. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ a b "French plane lost in ocean storm". BBC News. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
At 0530 GMT, Brazil's air force launched a search-and-rescue mission, sending out a coast guard patrol aircraft and a specialised air force rescue aircraft.... France is despatching three search planes based in Dakar
- ^ "Captain of Air France Flight 447 was son of pilot". Deseret News. Associated Press. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Faccini, Barbara (January 2013). "Four minutes, 23 seconds – Flight AF447" (PDF). Volare Aviation Monthly. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d Langewiesche, William; McCabe, Sean (October 2014). "The Human Factor". Vanity Fair. Photo Illustration. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wise, Jeff (6 December 2011). "What Really Happened Aboard Air France 447". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ "What Really Happened Aboard Air France 447" (PDF). hptinstitute.com. Human Performance Training Institute Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "Today may be all we have". harrisonjones. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ Inside cockpit Af447, 2 September 2015, archived from the original on 6 November 2019, retrieved 12 November 2019
- ^ "Flight 447 pilot had 20 years of flying for Air France". Calvin Palmer's Weblog. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ https://aaiu.ie/sites/default/files/FRA/BEA%20France%20Accident%20Airbus%20A330-203%20F-GZCP%20AF447%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2001-06-2012_opt.pdf
- ^ "List of passengers aboard lost Air France flight". Huffington Post. USA. Associated Press. 4 June 2009.
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Our first priority was to organize the arrival of 60 to 70 relatives at Roissy. There were not more than this because many passengers were connecting passengers.
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- ^ Trento, Redazione (31 May 2019). "10 anni fa la tragedia dell'Air France che costò la vita a Giovanni Battista Lenzi" [10 years ago the Air France tragedy that cost the life of Giovanni Battista Lenzi]. The voice of Trentino (in Italian). Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
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- ^ "Lista não oficial de vítimas do voo 447 da Air France inclui executivos, médicos e até um membro da família Orleans e Bragança" [Unofficial list of Air France flight 447 victims includes executives, doctors and even a member of the Orleans and Braganza family] (in Portuguese). Globo. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
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- ^ a b BEA first 2009, p. 13.
- ^ BEA final 2012, p. 49: "The radar data show that AF 447 passed over the SALPU point at 1 h 49 min, the last recorded radar point corresponding to the limit of radar coverage (this passing time would correspond to an estimated time at TASIL of 2 h 20)."
- ^ BEA first 2009 1.17.2.3 "Air France procedures"
- ^ BEA first 2009, §1.17.2.2.
- ^ BEA final 2012, §2.1.1.3.1,"Choice of time period"
- ^ BEA third 2011, p. 73.
- ^ Palmer 2013, pp. 4, 39.
- ^ Palmer 2013, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Palmer 2013, p. 86.
- ^ BEA final 2012, §2.1.2.3,"The excessive amplitude of these [nose-up] inputs made them unsuitable and incompatible with the recommended aircraft handling practices for high altitude flight."
- ^ BEA final appx2 2012:
2 h 10 min 08: CAS changes from 274 kn (507 km/h) to 156 kn (289 km/h). The CAS ISIS changes from 275 kn (509 km/h) to 139 kn (257 km/h) then goes back up to 223 kn (413 km/h). The Mach changes from 0.80 to 0.26.
2 h 10 min 09: CAS is 52 kn (96 km/h). The CAS ISIS stabilises at 270 kn (500 km/h) for four seconds.
2 h 10 min 34: CAS increases from 105 kn (194 km/h) to 223 kn (413 km/h) in two seconds. The CAS ISIS is 115 kn (213 km/h).
2 h 11 min 07: The CAS ISIS changes from 129 kn (239 km/h) to 183 kn (339 km/h). The CAS is at 184 kn (341 km/h).
FDR graph parameters (in French):
– 2 h 10 min 04 to 2 h 10 min 26
– 2 h 10 min 26 to 2 h 10 min 50
– 2 h 10 min 50 to 2 h 11 min 47 - ^ Palmer 2013, p. 7 "02:11:07 [...] The last of the pitot icing had cleared and all three airspeed indications were then displaying correctly"
- ^ Palmer 2013, p. 57 "The pitot icing lasted for about one minute and five seconds"
- ^ BEA final 2012, p. 198,"The speed displayed on the left PFD (primary flight display) was incorrect for 29 seconds, that of the speed on the ISIS for 54 seconds and the speed displayed on the right PFD for 61 seconds at most."
- ^ Palmer 2013, pp. 78–80.
- ^ a b BEA_final_appx2 2012
- ^ Palmer 2013, p. 57: "This created a situation where the air was pushing into, in addition to flowing over, the static ports. [...] This dynamic accounts for the repeated falling of the airspeed to invalid values."
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El avión Casa 235 de la Guardia Civil utilizado... ha sido enviado a primera hora de la tarde a participar en las tareas de búsqueda del aparato de Air France desaparecido en las últimas horas cuando cubría el trayecto Río de Janeiro y París, informaron fuentes del Ministerio del Interior.
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A large quantity of more or less accurate information and attempts at explanations concerning the accident are currently being circulated. The BEA reminds those concerned that in such circumstances, it is advisable to avoid all hasty interpretations and speculation on the basis of partial or non-validated information. At this stage of the investigation, the only established facts are:
· the presence near the airplane's planned route over the Atlantic of significant convective cells typical of the equatorial regions;
· based on the analysis of the automatic messages broadcast by the plane, there are inconsistencies between the various speeds measured. - ^ BEA first 2009, pp. 37–40.
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Starting in May 2008, Air France experienced incidents involving a loss of airspeed data in flight... in cruise phase on A340s and A330s. These incidents were analysed with Airbus as resulting from pitot probe icing for a few minutes, after which the phenomenon disappeared.
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Pitot Sensors: Air France has received the recommendation from Airbus concerning the replacement of two Thalès probes by Goodrich probes on its long-haul A330/A340 aircraft. The technical instructions for the replacement of these probes will be available next week, after which Air France will proceed to modify its fleet of A330s and A340s.
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This AD requires replacing Thales Avionics pitot probes having P/N C16195AA and P/N C16195BA at positions 1 (captain) and 3 (standby) with Goodrich pitot probes having P/N 0851HL at positions 1 and 3. This AD also requires replacing Thales Avionics pitot probes having P/N C16195AA at position 2 (first officer) with Thales Avionics pitot probes having P/N C16195BA at position 2. In addition, this AD provides for optional installation of Goodrich pitot probes having P/N 0851HL at position 2.
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Note: This audio has the lowest priority among the synthetic voice audio alerts.
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Enlaces externos
- BEA report 29 July 2011 (Synopsis of the Third interim report): English version Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, French version Archived 12 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine