Práctica profesional del análisis de la conducta
Definición del alcance de la práctica
El análisis de conducta se basa en los principios del condicionamiento operante y respondiente. El análisis de conducta aplicado (ABA) incluye el uso de la gestión de la conducta, la ingeniería conductual y la terapia conductual.Actualmente, en Estados Unidos, algunos analistas de conducta con maestría cuentan con licencia; otros trabajan con una certificación internacional cuando no se ofrecen licencias, aunque esto podría no estar permitido en algunos estados o jurisdicciones. A nivel de doctorado, muchos tienen licencia como psicólogos con diploma en psicología conductual o como analistas de conducta. Sin embargo, el diploma por sí solo no permite ejercer en todos los estados, y la normativa regulatoria de cada estado debe revisarse para determinar la idoneidad y legalidad de la práctica.El campo del análisis del comportamiento surgió del estudio científico de principios de aprendizaje y comportamiento. Tiene dos ramas principales: análisis de comportamiento experimental y aplicado. El análisis experimental del comportamiento (EAB) es la ciencia básica de este campo y ha acumulado durante muchas décadas una literatura de investigación sustancial y bien respetada. Esta literatura proporciona la base científica para el análisis de comportamiento aplicado (ABA), que es una ciencia aplicada que desarrolla métodos de cambio de comportamiento y una profesión que proporciona servicios para satisfacer diversas necesidades conductuales. En resumen, los profesionales en el análisis de comportamiento aplicado se dedican al uso específico y completo de los principios del aprendizaje, incluyendo el aprendizaje de operante y demandado, con el fin de abordar las necesidades conductuales de individuos muy variables en diversos entornos. Ejemplos de estas aplicaciones son: gestionar el comportamiento de los niños en los entornos escolares; mejorar las capacidades y opciones de los niños y adultos con diferentes tipos de discapacidades; entrenar animales; y aumentar el rendimiento y la satisfacción de los empleados en organizaciones y empresas.
Certificación
El significado de la certificación
Licenciatura
Modelos de entrega de servicios
Definiciones
- Consulta – un modelo indirecto en el que el consultor trabaja con el consultor para cambiar el comportamiento del cliente.
- Terapia – (individual, grupo o familia) en la que el terapeuta trabaja directamente con una persona con alguna forma de patología para disminuir la patología.
- Counseling – donde el consejero trabaja directamente con una persona que tiene problemas pero sin patología.
- Coaching – en el que el entrenador trabaja con una persona para lograr un objetivo de vida.
Métodos primarios
Historia de modelos de comportamiento
Aún existen dos modelos más antiguos y menos utilizados para la prestación de servicios de análisis de conducta. Estos modelos se utilizaban principalmente con poblaciones con desarrollo normal o típico. Estos dos modelos son el Coaching Conductual y el Asesoramiento Conductual. Ambos fueron muy populares entre las décadas de 1960 y 1980, pero recientemente han experimentado un declive, ya que sus defensores argumentaron las ventajas de apegarse estrictamente a la teoría del aprendizaje. La Asociación para el Análisis de la Conducta Internacional aún mantiene un grupo de interés especial en el asesoramiento y el coaching conductual.
Historia de la consejería conductual
Entrenamiento de vida
Objetivo de aumentar el refuerzo
Aprendizaje social en asesoramiento conductual
Pérdida de peso
Tratamiento del autismo
Requisitos para terapia
Niños auténticos
Imitación
Investigación y tratamientos
Pruebas discretas
Procedimientos de operación libre
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref> Inicialmente, el modelo se denominó enseñanza incidental, pero posteriormente se denominó enseñanza del lenguaje en el entorno y, finalmente, enseñanza del lenguaje natural. Peterson (2007) realizó una revisión exhaustiva de 57 estudios sobre estos procedimientos de entrenamiento. Esta revisión reveló que el 84 % de los estudios sobre los procedimientos del lenguaje natural se centraron en el mantenimiento y el 94 % en la generalización, y pudieron respaldar directamente su aplicación como parte del entrenamiento.
Otras aplicaciones de análisis de comportamiento aplicado
Análisis de comportamiento clínico
Análisis Clínico del Comportamiento destaca la aplicación del análisis del comportamiento en pacientes ambulatorios adultos. Michael Dougher identificó cuatro programas integrales de análisis del comportamiento: la terapia de aceptación y compromiso (ACT) de Steven Hayes et al., la activación conductual (AC) de Jacobson et al., la psicoterapia analítica funcional de Kohlenberg y Tsai, las terapias de exposición (es decir, la desensibilización sistemática) y el enfoque de refuerzo comunitario para el tratamiento de las adicciones. Además, el libro destaca varias áreas recientes de investigación del análisis funcional para problemas clínicos comunes. Muchas de estas áreas se especifican en la sección sobre terapia conductual.
Enfoque de refuerzo comunitario y capacitación familiar
Niños con trastornos disruptivos y paternidad
Recidivismo
Terapia de exposición
Biofeedback basado en la operación
Organización
Educación
Ajustes hospitalarios
Tratamiento residencial
Programa espacial
Relaciones con consumidores y profesionales
Objetivos de intervención
Historia
Investigación actual
Sicopatología experimental
Controversias
Homosexualidad
Práctica ética
Terapias de castigo y aversión
Infractores sexuales y reincidencia
Diarios
Organizaciones profesionales
Referencias
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