Los valores de datos de los potenciales de electrodo estándar (E°) se dan en la siguiente tabla, en voltios en relación con el electrodo de hidrógeno estándar, y son para las siguientes condiciones:
- Una temperatura de 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F).
- Una concentración efectiva de 1 ml/L para cada especie acuosa o una especie en un amalgama de mercurio (una aleación de mercurio con otro metal).
- Presión parcial de 101.325 kPa (absoluto) (1 atm, 1.01325 bar) para cada reactivo gaseoso. Esta presión se utiliza porque la mayoría de los datos de literatura todavía se dan para este valor (1 am) en lugar de para el estándar actual de 100 kPa (1 bar) actualmente considerado en el estado estándar.
- Actividad de unidad para cada líquido puro sólido, puro o para el agua (solvente). La relación en potencial electrodo de metales en agua salada (como electrolito) se da en el serie galvanic.
- Aunque muchas de las medias células están escritas para transferencias multielectrónicas, los potenciales tabulados son para una transferencia de un solo electrón. Todas las reacciones deben dividirse por el coeficiente estoquiométrico para que el electron obtenga la correspondiente ecuación de reacción corregida. Por ejemplo, la ecuación Fe2+ + 2e− Fe Fes) (–0.44 V) significa que requiere 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV de energía para ser absorbido (de ahí el signo menos) con el fin de crear un átomo neutral de Fe(sDe una Fe2+ iones y dos electrones, o 0,44 eV por electron, que es 0,44 J/C de electrones, que es 0,44 V.
- Después de dividir por el número de electrones, el potencial estándar E° está relacionado con el estándar Gibbs energía libre de formación ΔGf° por:
E=.. Δ Δ Gizquierda− − .. Δ Δ GderechoF{displaystyle E={fracsum Delta G_{text{left}-sum ¿Qué?
Donde F es la constante Faraday. Por ejemplo, en la ecuación Fe2+ + 2e− Fe Fes) (–0.44 V), la energía de Gibbs necesaria para crear un átomo neutral de Fe(sDe una Fe2+ ion y dos electrones es 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, o 84 895 J/mol de electrones, que es sólo la energía Gibbs de la formación de un Fe2+ ion, desde las energías de la formación de e− y Fe(sLos dos son cero.
- La ecuación de Nernst dará potenciales a concentraciones, presiones y temperaturas distintas de las estándar.
- Tenga en cuenta que el cuadro puede carecer de coherencia debido a datos de diferentes fuentes. Por ejemplo:
Cu+
| + e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | ()E 1 = +0,520 V)
|
Cu2+ | + 2e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | ()E 2 = +0.337 V)
|
Cu2+ | + e− | ⇌ | Cu+
| ()E 3 = +0.159 V)
|
- Calculando el potencial usando la energía libre de Gibbs (E
3 = 2E
2 – E
1) da el potencial para E
3 como 0.154 V, no el valor experimental de 0.159 V.
Tabla de potenciales de electrodo estándar
Leyenda: (s) – sólido; (l) – líquido; (g) – gas; (aq) – acuoso (predeterminado para todas las especies cargadas); (Hg) – amalgama; negrita: ecuaciones de electrólisis del agua.
Element
|
Half-reaction
|
E° / V
|
Electrons
|
Ref.
|
Oxidant
|
⇌
|
Reductant
|
&
|
-9
|
Zz
|
9
|
Sr
|
Sr+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Sr(s)
|
-4.101
|
1
|
|
Ca
|
Ca+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ca(s)
|
-3.8
|
1
|
|
Th
|
Th4+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Th3+
|
-3.6
|
1
|
|
Pr
|
Pr3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Pr2+
|
-3.1
|
1
|
|
N
|
3N2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2HN3(aq)
|
-3.09
|
2
|
|
Li
|
Li+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Li(s)
|
-3.0401
|
1
|
|
N
|
N2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH−
|
-3.04
|
2
|
|
Cs
|
Cs+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Cs(s)
|
-3.026
|
1
|
|
Ca
|
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ca(s) + 2 OH−
|
-3.02
|
2
|
|
Er
|
Er3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Er2+
|
-3
|
1
|
|
Ba
|
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ba(s) + 2 OH−
|
-2.99
|
2
|
|
Rb
|
Rb+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Rb(s)
|
-2.98
|
1
|
|
K
|
K+ + e−
|
⇌
|
K(s)
|
-2.931
|
1
|
|
Ba
|
Ba2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ba(s)
|
-2.912
|
2
|
|
La
|
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
La(s) + 3 OH−
|
-2.9
|
3
|
|
Fr
|
Fr+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Fr(s)
|
-2.9
|
1
|
|
Sr
|
Sr2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sr(s)
|
-2.899
|
2
|
|
Sr
|
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sr(s) + 2 OH−
|
-2.88
|
2
|
|
Ca
|
Ca2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ca(s)
|
-2.868
|
2
|
|
Li
|
Li+ + C 6(s) + e−
|
⇌
|
LiC6(s)
|
-2.84
|
1
|
|
Eu
|
Eu2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Eu(s)
|
-2.812
|
2
|
|
Ra
|
Ra2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ra(s)
|
-2.8
|
2
|
|
Ho
|
Ho3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ho2+
|
-2.8
|
1
|
|
Bk
|
Bk3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Bk2+
|
-2.8
|
1
|
|
Yb
|
Yb2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Yb(s)
|
-2.76
|
2
|
|
Na
|
Na+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Na(s)
|
-2.71
|
1
|
|
Mg
|
Mg+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Mg(s)
|
-2.7
|
1
|
|
Nd
|
Nd3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Nd2+
|
-2.7
|
1
|
|
Mg
|
Mg(OH) 2 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Mg(s) + 2 OH−
|
-2.69
|
2
|
|
Sm
|
Sm2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sm(s)
|
-2.68
|
2
|
|
Be
|
Be 2O2− 3 + 3H2O + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
2Be(s) + 6 OH−
|
-2.63
|
4
|
|
Pm
|
Pm3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Pm2+
|
-2.6
|
1
|
|
Dy
|
Dy3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Dy2+
|
-2.6
|
1
|
|
No
|
No2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
No
|
-2.5
|
2
|
|
Hf
|
HfO(OH) 2 + H2O + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Hf(s) + 4 OH−
|
-2.5
|
4
|
|
Th
|
Th(OH) 4 + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Th(s) + 4 OH−
|
-2.48
|
4
|
|
Md
|
Md2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Md
|
-2.4
|
2
|
|
Tm
|
Tm2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Tm(s)
|
-2.4
|
2
|
|
La
|
La3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
La(s)
|
-2.379
|
3
|
|
Y
|
Y3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Y(s)
|
-2.372
|
3
|
|
Mg
|
Mg2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Mg(s)
|
-2.372
|
2
|
|
Zr
|
ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Zr(s) + 4 OH−
|
-2.36
|
4
|
|
Pr
|
Pr3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Pr(s)
|
-2.353
|
3
|
|
Ce
|
Ce3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ce(s)
|
-2.336
|
3
|
|
Er
|
Er3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Er(s)
|
-2.331
|
3
|
|
Ho
|
Ho3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ho(s)
|
-2.33
|
3
|
|
Al
|
H 2AlO− 3 + H2O + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Al(s) + 4 OH−
|
-2.33
|
3
|
|
Nd
|
Nd3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Nd(s)
|
-2.323
|
3
|
|
Tm
|
Tm3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Tm(s)
|
-2.319
|
3
|
|
Al
|
Al(OH) 3(s) + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Al(s) + 3 OH−
|
-2.31
|
3
|
|
Sm
|
Sm3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Sm(s)
|
-2.304
|
3
|
|
Fm
|
Fm2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Fm
|
-2.3
|
2
|
|
Am
|
Am3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Am2+
|
-2.3
|
1
|
|
Dy
|
Dy3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Dy(s)
|
-2.295
|
3
|
|
Lu
|
Lu3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Lu(s)
|
-2.28
|
3
|
|
Tb
|
Tb3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Tb(s)
|
-2.28
|
3
|
|
Gd
|
Gd3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Gd(s)
|
-2.279
|
3
|
|
H
|
H2(g) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2H−
|
-2.23
|
2
|
|
Es
|
Es2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Es(s)
|
-2.23
|
2
|
|
Pm
|
Pm2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pm(s)
|
-2.2
|
2
|
|
Tm
|
Tm3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Tm2+
|
-2.2
|
1
|
|
Dy
|
Dy2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Dy(s)
|
-2.2
|
2
|
|
Ac
|
Ac3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ac(s)
|
-2.2
|
3
|
|
Yb
|
Yb3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Yb(s)
|
-2.19
|
3
|
|
Cf
|
Cf2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Cf(s)
|
-2.12
|
2
|
|
Nd
|
Nd2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Nd(s)
|
-2.1
|
2
|
|
Ho
|
Ho2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ho(s)
|
-2.1
|
2
|
|
Sc
|
Sc3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Sc(s)
|
-2.077
|
3
|
|
Al
|
AlF3−6 + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Al(s) + 6F−
|
-2.069
|
3
|
|
Am
|
Am3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Am(s)
|
-2.048
|
3
|
|
Cm
|
Cm3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Cm(s)
|
-2.04
|
3
|
|
Pu
|
Pu3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Pu(s)
|
-2.031
|
3
|
|
Pr
|
Pr2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pr(s)
|
-2
|
2
|
|
Er
|
Er2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Er(s)
|
-2
|
2
|
|
Eu
|
Eu3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Eu(s)
|
-1.991
|
3
|
|
Lr
|
Lr3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Lr
|
-1.96
|
3
|
|
Cf
|
Cf3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Cf(s)
|
-1.94
|
3
|
|
Es
|
Es3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Es(s)
|
-1.91
|
3
|
|
Pa
|
Pa4+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Pa3+
|
-1.9
|
1
|
|
Am
|
Am2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Am(s)
|
-1.9
|
2
|
|
Th
|
Th4+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Th(s)
|
-1.899
|
4
|
|
Fm
|
Fm3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Fm
|
-1.89
|
3
|
|
Np
|
Np3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Np(s)
|
-1.856
|
3
|
|
Be
|
Be2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Be(s)
|
-1.847
|
2
|
|
P
|
H 2PO− 2 + e−
|
⇌
|
P(s) + 2 OH−
|
-1.82
|
1
|
|
U
|
U3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
U(s)
|
-1.798
|
3
|
|
Sr
|
Sr2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sr(Hg)
|
-1.793
|
2
|
|
B
|
H 2BO− 3 + H2O + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
B(s) + 4 OH−
|
-1.79
|
3
|
|
Th
|
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Th(s) + 2H2O
|
-1.789
|
4
|
|
Hf
|
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Hf(s) + H2O
|
-1.724
|
4
|
|
P
|
HPO2− 3 + 2H2O + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
P(s) + 5 OH−
|
-1.71
|
3
|
|
Si
|
SiO2−3 + 3H2O + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Si(s) + 6 OH−
|
-1.697
|
4
|
|
Al
|
Al3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Al(s)
|
-1.662
|
3
|
|
Ti
|
Ti2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ti(s)
|
-1.63
|
2
|
|
Zr
|
ZrO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Zr(s) + 2H2O
|
-1.553
|
4
|
|
Zr
|
Zr4+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Zr(s)
|
-1.45
|
4
|
|
Ti
|
Ti3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ti(s)
|
-1.37
|
3
|
|
Ti
|
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ti(s) + H2O
|
-1.31
|
2
|
|
Ti
|
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2TiO(s) + H2O
|
-1.23
|
2
|
|
Zn
|
Zn(OH)2− 4 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Zn(s) + 4 OH−
|
-1.199
|
2
|
|
Mn
|
Mn2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Mn(s)
|
-1.185
|
2
|
|
Fe
|
Fe(CN)4− 6 + 6 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq)
|
-1.16
|
2
|
|
Te
|
Te(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Te2−
|
-1.143
|
2
|
|
V
|
V2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
V(s)
|
-1.13
|
2
|
|
Nb
|
Nb3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Nb(s)
|
-1.099
|
3
|
|
Sn
|
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
SnH 4(g)
|
-1.07
|
4
|
|
Ti
|
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Ti(s) + H2O
|
-0.93
|
4
|
|
Si
|
SiO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Si(s) + 2H2O
|
-0.91
|
4
|
|
B
|
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
B(s) + 3H2O
|
-0.89
|
3
|
|
Fe
|
Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.89
|
2
|
|
Fe
|
Fe 2O 3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.86
|
2
|
|
H
|
2H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 2(g) + 2 OH−
|
-0.8277
|
2
|
|
Bi
|
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
BiH3
|
-0.8
|
3
|
|
Zn
|
Zn2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Zn(Hg)
|
-0.7628
|
2
|
|
Zn
|
Zn2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Zn(s)
|
-0.7618
|
2
|
|
Ta
|
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−
|
⇌
|
2Ta(s) + 5H2O
|
-0.75
|
10
|
|
Cr
|
Cr3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Cr(s)
|
-0.74
|
3
|
|
Ni
|
Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ni(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.72
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
Ag2S(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Ag(s) + S2− (aq)
|
-0.69
|
2
|
|
Au
|
[Au(CN) 2]− + e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 2CN−
|
-0.6
|
1
|
|
Ta
|
Ta3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ta(s)
|
-0.6
|
3
|
|
Pb
|
PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.58
|
2
|
|
Ti
|
2TiO 2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ti 2O 3(s) + H2O
|
-0.56
|
2
|
|
Ga
|
Ga3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Ga(s)
|
-0.53
|
3
|
|
U
|
U4+ + e−
|
⇌
|
U3+
|
-0.52
|
1
|
|
P
|
H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
P(white) + 2H2O
|
-0.508
|
1
|
|
P
|
H 3PO 3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 3PO 2(aq) + H2O
|
-0.499
|
2
|
|
Ni
|
NiO 2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.49
|
2
|
|
P
|
H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
P(red) + 3H2O
|
-0.454
|
3
|
|
Cu
|
Cu(CN)− 2 + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(s) + 2CN−
|
-0.44
|
1
|
|
Fe
|
Fe2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe(s)
|
-0.44
|
2
|
|
C
|
2CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
HOOCCOOH(aq)
|
-0.43
|
2
|
|
Cr
|
Cr3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Cr2+
|
-0.42
|
1
|
|
Cd
|
Cd2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Cd(s)
|
-0.4
|
2
|
|
Ge
|
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
GeO(s) + H2O
|
-0.37
|
2
|
|
Cu
|
Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Cu(s) + 2 OH−
|
-0.36
|
2
|
|
Pb
|
PbSO4(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb(s) + SO2− 4
|
-0.3588
|
2
|
|
Pb
|
PbSO 4(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb(Hg) + SO2− 4
|
-0.3505
|
2
|
|
Eu
|
Eu3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Eu2+
|
-0.35
|
1
|
|
In
|
In3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
In(s)
|
-0.34
|
3
|
|
Tl
|
Tl+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Tl(s)
|
-0.34
|
1
|
|
Ge
|
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
GeH 4(g)
|
-0.29
|
4
|
|
Co
|
Co2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Co(s)
|
-0.28
|
2
|
|
P
|
H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 3PO 3(aq) + H2O
|
-0.276
|
2
|
|
V
|
V3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
V2+
|
-0.26
|
1
|
|
Ni
|
Ni2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ni(s)
|
-0.25
|
2
|
|
As
|
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
AsH3(g)
|
-0.23
|
3
|
|
Ag
|
AgI(s) + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag(s) + I−
|
-0.15224
|
1
|
|
Mo
|
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Mo(s) + 2H2O
|
-0.15
|
4
|
|
Si
|
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
SiH 4(g)
|
-0.14
|
4
|
|
Sn
|
Sn2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sn(s)
|
-0.13
|
2
|
|
O
|
O2(g) + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
HO• 2(aq)
|
-0.13
|
1
|
|
Pb
|
Pb2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb(s)
|
-0.126
|
2
|
|
W
|
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
W(s) + 2H2O
|
-0.12
|
4
|
|
P
|
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
PH3(g)
|
-0.111
|
3
|
|
C
|
CO 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
HCOOH(aq)
|
-0.11
|
2
|
|
Se
|
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 2Se(g)
|
-0.11
|
2
|
|
C
|
CO 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
CO(g) + H2O
|
-0.11
|
2
|
|
Cu
|
Cu(NH 3)+ 2 + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(s) + 2NH 3(aq)
|
-0.1
|
1
|
|
Sn
|
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sn(s) + H2O
|
-0.1
|
2
|
|
Sn
|
SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
SnO(s) + H2O
|
-0.09
|
2
|
|
W
|
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
W(s) + 3H2O
|
-0.09
|
6
|
|
Fe
|
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e−
|
⇌
|
3Fe(s) + 4H2O
|
-0.085
|
8
|
|
P
|
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
PH3(g)
|
-0.063
|
3
|
|
Fe
|
Fe3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe(s)
|
-0.04
|
3
|
|
C
|
HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
HCHO(aq) + H2O
|
-0.03
|
2
|
|
H
|
2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 2(g)
|
0
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
AgBr(s) + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag(s) + Br−
|
0.07133
|
1
|
|
S
|
S4O2−6 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2S2O2−3
|
0.08
|
2
|
|
N
|
N2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
2NH4OH(aq)
|
0.092
|
6
|
|
Hg
|
HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Hg(l) + 2 OH−
|
0.0977
|
2
|
|
Cu
|
Cu(NH 3)2+ 4 + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(NH 3)+ 2 + 2NH 3(aq)
|
0.1
|
1
|
|
Ru
|
Ru(NH3)3+6 + e−
|
⇌
|
Ru(NH 3)2+ 6
|
0.1
|
1
|
|
N
|
N2H4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2NH+ 4 + 4 OH−
|
0.11
|
2
|
|
Mo
|
H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
Mo(s) + 4H2O
|
0.11
|
6
|
|
Ge
|
Ge4+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Ge(s)
|
0.12
|
4
|
|
C
|
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
CH4(g)
|
0.13
|
4
|
|
C
|
HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
CH3OH(aq)
|
0.13
|
2
|
|
S
|
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 2S(g)
|
0.14
|
2
|
|
Sn
|
Sn4+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Sn2+
|
0.15
|
2
|
|
Cu
|
Cu2+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu+
|
0.159
|
1
|
|
S
|
HSO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
SO 2(aq) + 2H2O
|
0.16
|
2
|
|
U
|
UO2+2 + e−
|
⇌
|
UO+ 2
|
0.163
|
1
|
|
S
|
SO2− 4 + 4 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
SO 2(aq) + 2H2O
|
0.17
|
2
|
|
Ti
|
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ti3+ + H2O
|
0.19
|
1
|
|
Sb
|
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Sb(s) + H2O
|
0.2
|
3
|
|
Fe
|
3Fe2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Fe3O4(s) + H2O
|
0.22
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
AgCl(s) + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag(s) + Cl−
|
0.22233
|
1
|
|
As
|
H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
As(s) + 3H2O
|
0.24
|
3
|
|
Ru
|
Ru3+ (aq) + e−
|
⇌
|
Ru2+ (aq)
|
0.249
|
1
|
|
Ge
|
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ge(s) + H2O
|
0.26
|
2
|
|
U
|
UO+ 2 + 4 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
U4+ + 2H2O
|
0.273
|
1
|
|
Re
|
Re3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Re(s)
|
0.3
|
3
|
|
At
|
At + e−
|
⇌
|
At-
|
0.3
|
1
|
|
Bi
|
Bi3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Bi(s)
|
0.308
|
3
|
|
Cu
|
Cu2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(s)
|
0.337
|
2
|
|
V
|
[VO]2+ + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
V3+ + H2O
|
0.34
|
1
|
|
Fe
|
[Fe(CN) 6]3− + e−
|
⇌
|
[Fe(CN) 6]4−
|
0.3704
|
1
|
|
Fe
|
Fc+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Fc(s)
|
0.4
|
1
|
|
O
|
O 2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
4 OH−(aq)
|
0.401
|
4
|
|
Mo
|
H 2MoO 4 + 6 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Mo3+ + 4H2O
|
0.43
|
3
|
|
Ru
|
Ru2+ (aq) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ru
|
0.455
|
2
|
|
C
|
CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
CH4(g) + H2O
|
0.5
|
2
|
|
S
|
SO 2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
S(s) + 2H2O
|
0.5
|
4
|
|
Cu
|
Cu+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(s)
|
0.52
|
1
|
|
C
|
CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
C(s) + H2O
|
0.52
|
2
|
|
I
|
I−3 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
3I−
|
0.53
|
2
|
|
I
|
I2(s) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2I−
|
0.54
|
2
|
|
Au
|
[AuI 4]− + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 4I−
|
0.56
|
3
|
|
As
|
H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 3AsO 3(aq) + H2O
|
0.56
|
2
|
|
Au
|
[AuI 2]− + e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 2I−
|
0.58
|
1
|
|
Mn
|
MnO− 4 + 2H2O + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
MnO 2(s) + 4 OH−
|
0.595
|
3
|
|
S
|
S 2O2− 3 + 6 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
2S(s) + 3H2O
|
0.6
|
4
|
|
Mo
|
H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
MoO 2(s) + 2H2O
|
0.65
|
2
|
|
C
|
+ 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
|
0.6992
|
2
|
|
O
|
O 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H2O2(aq)
|
0.7
|
2
|
|
Tl
|
Tl3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Tl(s)
|
0.72
|
3
|
|
Pt
|
PtCl2− 6 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
PtCl2− 4 + 2Cl−
|
0.726
|
2
|
|
Fe
|
Fe2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Fe2+ + 3H2O
|
0.728
|
2
|
|
Se
|
H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Se(s) + 3H2O
|
0.74
|
4
|
|
Pt
|
PtCl2− 4 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pt(s) + 4Cl−
|
0.758
|
2
|
|
Fe
|
Fe3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Fe2+
|
0.77
|
1
|
|
Ag
|
Ag+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag(s)
|
0.7996
|
1
|
|
Hg
|
Hg2+2 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Hg(l)
|
0.8
|
2
|
|
N
|
NO−3(aq) + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
NO2(g) + H2O
|
0.8
|
1
|
|
Fe
|
2FeO2−4 + 5H2O + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe 2O 3(s) + 10 OH−
|
0.81
|
6
|
|
Au
|
[AuBr 4]− + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 4Br−
|
0.85
|
3
|
|
Hg
|
Hg2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Hg(l)
|
0.85
|
2
|
|
Ir
|
[IrCl 6]2− + e−
|
⇌
|
[IrCl 6]3−
|
0.87
|
1
|
|
Mn
|
MnO− 4 + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
HMnO− 4
|
0.9
|
1
|
|
Hg
|
2Hg2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Hg2+ 2
|
0.91
|
2
|
|
Pd
|
Pd2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pd(s)
|
0.915
|
2
|
|
Au
|
[AuCl 4]− + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 4Cl−
|
0.93
|
3
|
|
Mn
|
MnO 2(s) + 4 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Mn3+ + 2H2O
|
0.95
|
1
|
|
N
|
NO−3(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
NO(g) + 2H2O(l)
|
0.958
|
3
|
|
Au
|
[AuBr 2]− + e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 2Br−
|
0.96
|
1
|
|
Fe
|
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
3Fe2+ + 4H2O
|
0.98
|
2
|
|
Xe
|
[HXeO 6]3− + 2H2O + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
[HXeO 4]− + 4 OH−
|
0.99
|
2
|
|
At
|
HAtO + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
At + H2O
|
1.0
|
1
|
|
V
|
[VO 2]+ (aq) + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
[VO]2+(aq) + H2O
|
1
|
1
|
|
Te
|
H6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
TeO 2(s) + 4H2O
|
1.02
|
2
|
|
Br
|
Br2(l) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Br−
|
1.066
|
2
|
|
Br
|
Br2(aq) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Br−
|
1.0873
|
2
|
|
Ru
|
RuO 2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ru2+ (aq) + 2H2O
|
1.120
|
2
|
|
Cu
|
Cu2+ + 2CN− + e−
|
⇌
|
Cu(CN)− 2
|
1.12
|
1
|
|
I
|
IO− 3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
HIO(aq) + 2H2O
|
1.13
|
4
|
|
Au
|
[AuCl 2]− + e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s) + 2Cl−
|
1.15
|
1
|
|
Se
|
HSeO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
H 2SeO 3(aq) + H2O
|
1.15
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Ag(s) + H2O
|
1.17
|
2
|
|
Cl
|
ClO− 3 + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
ClO2(g) + H2O
|
1.18
|
1
|
|
Xe
|
[HXeO 6]3− + 5H2O + 8 e−
|
⇌
|
Xe(g) + 11 OH−
|
1.18
|
8
|
|
Pt
|
Pt2+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pt(s)
|
1.188
|
2
|
|
Cl
|
ClO 2(g) + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
HClO 2(aq)
|
1.19
|
1
|
|
I
|
2IO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−
|
⇌
|
I2(s) + 6H2O
|
1.2
|
10
|
|
Cl
|
ClO− 4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
ClO− 3 + H2O
|
1.2
|
2
|
|
Mn
|
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Mn2+ + 2H2O
|
1.224
|
2
|
|
O
|
O 2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
2H2O
|
1.229
|
4
|
|
Ru
|
[Ru(bipy) 3]3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
[Ru(bipy)3]2+
|
1.24
|
1
|
|
Xe
|
[HXeO 4]− + 3H2O + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
Xe(g) + 7 OH−
|
1.24
|
6
|
|
Tl
|
Tl3+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Tl+
|
1.25
|
2
|
|
Cr
|
Cr 2O2− 7 + 14 H+ + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
2Cr3+ + 7H2O
|
1.33
|
6
|
|
Cl
|
Cl2(g) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2Cl−
|
1.36
|
2
|
|
Ru
|
RuO− 4(aq) + 8 H+ + 5 e−
|
⇌
|
Ru2+ (aq) + 4H2O
|
1.368
|
5
|
|
Ru
|
RuO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
RuO2 + 2H2O
|
1.387
|
4
|
|
Co
|
CoO 2(s) + 4 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Co3+ + 2H2O
|
1.42
|
1
|
|
N
|
2NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
N2H+5 + 2H2O
|
1.42
|
2
|
|
I
|
2HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
I 2(s) + 2H2O
|
1.44
|
2
|
|
Br
|
BrO− 3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
HBrO(aq) + 2H2O
|
1.45
|
4
|
|
Pb
|
β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb2+ + 2H2O
|
1.46
|
2
|
|
Pb
|
α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb2+ + 2H2O
|
1.468
|
2
|
|
Br
|
2BrO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−
|
⇌
|
Br 2(l) + 6H2O
|
1.48
|
10
|
|
Cl
|
2ClO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−
|
⇌
|
Cl 2(g) + 6H2O
|
1.49
|
10
|
|
Cl
|
HClO(aq) + H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Cl− (aq) + H2O
|
1.49
|
2
|
|
At
|
HAtO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
HAtO + 2H2O
|
1.5
|
4
|
|
Mn
|
MnO− 4 + 8 H+ + 5 e−
|
⇌
|
Mn2+ + 4H2O
|
1.51
|
5
|
|
O
|
HO• 2 + H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
H2O2(aq)
|
1.51
|
1
|
|
Au
|
Au3+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s)
|
1.52
|
3
|
|
Ru
|
RuO2− 4(aq) + 8 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
Ru2+ (aq) + 4H2O
|
1.563
|
4
|
|
Ni
|
NiO 2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Ni2+ + 2 OH−
|
1.59
|
2
|
|
Ce
|
Ce4+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ce3+
|
1.61
|
1
|
|
Cl
|
2HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Cl 2(g) + 2H2O
|
1.63
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
Ag 2O 3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e−
|
⇌
|
2Ag+ + 3H2O
|
1.67
|
4
|
|
Cl
|
HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
HClO(aq) + H2O
|
1.67
|
2
|
|
Pb
|
Pb4+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Pb2+
|
1.69
|
2
|
|
Mn
|
MnO−4 + 4 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
MnO2(s) + 2H2O
|
1.7
|
3
|
|
Ag
|
AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag+ + H2O
|
1.77
|
1
|
|
O
|
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2H2O
|
1.78
|
2
|
|
Co
|
Co3+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Co2+
|
1.82
|
1
|
|
Au
|
Au+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Au(s)
|
1.83
|
1
|
|
Br
|
BrO− 4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
BrO− 3 + H2O
|
1.85
|
2
|
|
Ag
|
Ag2+ + e−
|
⇌
|
Ag+
|
1.98
|
1
|
|
O
|
S2O2−8 + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2SO2−4
|
2.01
|
2
|
|
O
|
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
O 2(g) + H2O
|
2.075
|
2
|
|
Mn
|
HMnO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
MnO 2(s) + 2H2O
|
2.09
|
2
|
|
Xe
|
XeO 3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−
|
⇌
|
Xe(g) + 3H2O
|
2.12
|
6
|
|
Xe
|
H 4XeO 6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e−
|
⇌
|
Xe(g) + 6H2O
|
2.18
|
8
|
|
Fe
|
FeO2−4 + 8 H+ + 3 e−
|
⇌
|
Fe3+ + 4H2O
|
2.2
|
3
|
|
Xe
|
XeF 2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)
|
2.32
|
2
|
|
Xe
|
H 4XeO 6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
XeO 3(aq) + 3H2O
|
2.42
|
2
|
|
F
|
F2(g) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2F−
|
2.87
|
2
|
|
F
|
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
2HF(aq)
|
3.05
|
2
|
|
Tb
|
Tb4+ + e–
|
⇌
|
Tb3+
|
3.1
|
1
|
|
Pr
|
Pr4+ + e–
|
⇌
|
Pr3+
|
3.2
|
1
|
|
Kr
|
KrF2(aq) + 2 e−
|
⇌
|
Kr(g) + 2F− (aq)
|
3.27
|
2
|
|
Más resultados...