| Conflict
|
Combatant 1
|
Combatant 2
|
Result
|
Emperor/King
|
| Otto I's raid on Poland
(963)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Duchy of Poland
|
Victory
|
Otto I
|
| Rebellion of Harald Bluetooth
|
Holy Roman Empire Norwegian Rebels
|
Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Norway
|
Victory
|
Otto II
|
| Olaf tryggvason's raid on Saksland
|
Norwegian vikings
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Defeat
|
Otto II
|
| Franco-German War of 978-980
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
West Francia
|
Defeat
|
Otto II
|
| Otto II's raid on Poland
(979)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Civitas Schinesghe
|
Defeat
|
Otto II
|
| Slavic revolt of 983
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Wends
Lutici
Obotrite
|
Defeat
|
Otto II
|
| Polish-Saxon Invasion of Veleti
(985)
|
Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
|
Veleti
|
Victory
|
Otto III
|
| Polish–Bohemian War (990)
|
Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
|
Duchy of Bohemia
|
Victory
|
Otto III
|
| Polish-German invasion of Veleti
(992)
|
Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
|
Veleti
|
Victory
|
Otto III
|
| Polish-German invasion of Obotrites
(995)
|
Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
|
Obotrites
|
Victory
|
Otto III
|
| German–Polish War (1003–1018)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Duchy of Poland
|
Defeat (Peace of Bautzen)
- Poland is granted control over Lusatia and Upper Lusatia
|
Henry II
|
| Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
(1015–1019)
|
Duchy of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Holy Roman Empire Pechenegs
|
Kievan Rus
|
Victory
- Temporary victory for Sviatopolk and Boleslaw
- Polish sack of Kiev
|
Henry II
|
| German–Polish War (1028–1031)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)
|
Victory
|
Conrad II
|
| Emperor Conrad II's military campaign against Hungary
(1030–1031)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)
|
Defeat
- The Hungarians occupied Vienna
|
Conrad II
|
| German-Hungarian Wars
(1042–1043)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)
|
Victory
|
Henry III
|
| Henry III's military campaign against Hungary (1044)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Peter Orseolo and his allies
|
The army of King Samuel Aba
|
Victory
- Defeat of Samuel Aba, restoration of Peter
|
Henry III
|
|
War between King Peter and Prince Andrew (1046)
|
King Peter's army
Holy Roman Empire
|
Prince Andrew's army
Kievan Rus'
|
Defeat
|
Henry III
|
| Emperor Henry III's military campaigns against Hungary
(1051–1052)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Defeat
|
Henry III
|
| German-Hungarian border War
(1056–1058)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Stalemate
|
Henry IV
|
| Civil War between King Andrew I and his brother, Prince Bela
(1060)
|
King Andrew I's army
Holy Roman Empire
|
Prince Béla's army
Kingdom of Poland
|
Defeat
|
Henry IV
|
| German invasion of Hungary (1063)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bavaria
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory
- Death of Béla I
- Ascension of Solomon to the Hungarian throne
|
Henry IV
|
| Saxon revolt of 1073–1075
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Duchy of Saxony
|
Victory
|
Henry IV
|
| Saxon revolt of 1077–1088
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
German rebels
- Duchy of Saxony
- Duchy of Bavaria
- County of Luxembourg
|
Victory
|
Henry IV
|
| German-Flemish war
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
County of Flanders
|
Status quo ante bellum
|
Henry V
|
| Henry V's expedition to Poland
(1109)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia
|
Kingdom of Poland
|
Defeat
|
Henry V
|
| War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1140)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Duchy of Bohemia
|
Defeat
|
Lothair III
|
| Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
|
Ghibellines'
Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
Staufen (Empire)
Pro-Staufen Sicily
March of Treviso
County of Urbino
Pro-Ghibelline Florence
Pro-Ghibelline Milan led by Della Torre
Pro-Ghibelline Milan led by Visconti
Republic of Siena
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Pisa
Duchy of Modena
Republic of Massa
Pro-Ghibelline Montferrat
Pavia
Commune of Terni
Asti
- Todi
Santa Fiora
- Variable Italian city-states
Crown of Aragon
Empire of Nicaea
|
Guelphs'
Holy See (Papacy)
Lombard League
Welfen (Empire)
Pro-Angevin Sicily
Papal States
Pro-Guelph Florence
Pro-Guelph Milan led by Della Torre
Pro-Guelph Milan led by Visconti
House of Della Torre
Commune of Bologna
Republic of Siena
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Genoa
March of Ferrara
Republic of Massa
Pro-Guelph Montferrat
County of Savoy
Republic of Ancona
Patriarchate of Aquileia
Lodi
Perugia
Mantua
Orvieto
- Variable Italian city-states
|
1st phase:Peace of Constance (1186)
2nd phase:Stalemate (1392)
- Decline of free communes;rise of signorie
- Diffusion of Black Death
- Extinction of Hohenstaufen dynasty
- Conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by Charles of Anjou
- Interregnum after Frederick II's death
- Weakening of Imperial Authority over Italy
|
Frederick I
Barbarossa
Frederick II
Henry VII
Louis IV
|
| Wendish Crusade (1147)
|
-
- Holy Roman Empire
- Bishopric of Havelberg
- March of Meissen
- March of Brandenburg
- Duchy of Saxony
- Archbishopric of Bremen
- Archbishopric of Mainz
- Bishopric of Halberstadt
- County of Holstein
- Bishopric of Münster
- Bishopric of Olmütz
- Bishopric of Brandenburg
- Bishopric of Merseburg
- Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
- Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
- Kingdom of Poland
|
-
- Obotrite Confederacy
- Liutizian Confederacy
Wendish allies:
|
Victory
- March of Brandenburg reconquers Havelberg, County of Holstein expels its Wends
|
Conrad III of Germany
|
| Second Crusade
(1147–1150)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Other Crusaders
|
Emirate of Damascus
other Muslim and Pagan entities in East Central Europe, Iberia and the Near East.
|
Indecisive
- Victories in East Central Europe and Iberia. Defeat in the Holy Land.
|
Conrad III of Germany
|
| Frederick I's expedition to Głogów
(1157)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia
|
Kingdom of Poland
Cumania Old Prussians
|
Victory
|
Frederick I Barbarossa
|
| Third Crusade
(1189–1192)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Other Crusaders
|
Ayyubids
|
Victory
|
Frederick I Barbarossa
|
| Henry VI's conquest of Sicily
(1194)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Sicily
|
Victory
- Kingdom of Sicily added to Henry VI's Personal Union
|
Henry VI
|
| Crusade of 1197
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Ayyubid Sultanate
|
Victory
- Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem
|
Henry VI
|
| Fourth Crusade
(1202–1204)
|
Crusaders from:
 Kingdom of France
-
- County of Blois
- County of Brienne
- County of Champagne
County of Flanders
- County of Saint-Pol
 Holy Roman Empire
-
- March of Montferrat
- County of Hainaut
|
In Europe:
|
Victory
|
Otto IV
|
| Prussian Crusade
(1217–1274)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Other Crusaders
|
Baltic pagans:'
- Prussians
- Bartians
- Galindians
- Natangians
- Nadruvians
- Pomesanians
- Pogesanians
- Sambians
- Warmians
- Yotvingians (Sudovians)
- Skalvians
Allies of Prussians:
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- Duchy of Pomerania
|
Victory
- Teutonic Knights gain control of Prussia
|
Frederick II
|
| Anglo-French War (1213–1214)
|
Angevin Empire
Kingdom of England
County of Anjou
Duchy of Normandy
Duchy of Aquitaine
Holy Roman Empire
County of Flanders
County of Boulogne
|
Kingdom of France
|
Defeat
- Collapse of the Angevin Empire
|
Otto IV
|
| Fifth Crusade
(1217–1221)
|
Crusaders:
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of France
Levant:
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kingdom of Cyprus
Latin Empire
Military orders:
Knights Templar
Teutonic Order
Knights Hospitaller
|
Muslim forces:
Ayyubids
|
Defeat
|
Frederick II
|
| Sixth Crusade
(1227–1229)
|
Holy Roman Empire
including in Personal Union:
Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Jerusalem
|
Ayyubids
|
Victory
- Crusaders gains Jerusalem back
|
Frederick II
|
| War of the Lombards
(1228–1243)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli
Republic of Pisa
Knights Hospitaller
Teutonic Knights
|
Kingdom of Cyprus
Anti-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Acre
- Beirut
- Arsuf
- Caesarea
Republic of Genoa
Knights Templar
Papacy
|
Defeat
|
Frederick II
|
| Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire
(1241–1242)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Golden Horde
|
Victory
|
Frederick II
|
| Great Interregnum
(1245/50–1273/5)
|
Hohenstaufen party
Frederick II (1245–50)
Conrad IV (1245–54)
Alfonso X of Castile (1257–75)
Rudolf of Habsburg (1273–5)
|
Welf party
Henry of Thuringia (1246–7)
William II of Holland (1247–56)
Richard of Cornwall (1257–72)
Ottokar II of Bohemia
|
Compromise
- Unanimous election of Rudolf of Habsburg in 1273
- Alfonso X of Castile renounced claim in 1275
|
?
|
| Hussite Wars
(1419–1434)
|
Catholic Church, Crusades and Loyalists:
Holy Roman Empire
|
Bohemian Wars:
Hussite Movement
|
Indecisive
- Eventual defeat for Radical Hussites, Victory for Moderate Hussites and Catholics
|
Sigismund
|
| Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Defeat
- The Black Army captures Vienna
|
Frederick III
|
| Austrian–Hungarian War (1490–1491)
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory
- Treaty of Pressburg (1491)
|
Frederick III
|
| Italian War of 1494–1498
|
1494:
Kingdom of Naples 1495: League of Venice
Papal States
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
Holy Roman Empire
Republic of Florence
England (1496–98)
Margraviate of Mantua
Republic of Genoa
|
Kingdom of France
Swiss mercenaries
Duchy of Milan (before 1495)
Duchy of Ferrara (officially neutral)
|
Victory
|
Maximilian I
|
| Swabian War
(1499)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Swabian League
|
Old Swiss Confederacy
Three Leagues of the Grisons
|
Defeat
- Peace of Basel
- Swiss Confederacy exempt from the resolutions of the Imperial Diet of Worms
|
Maximilian I
|
| Italian War of 1521–1526
|
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
England
Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526)
|
France
Swiss mercenaries
Republic of Venice
Papal States (1524–1525)
Marquisate of Saluzzo
|
Victory
- Capture of Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia
|
Charles V
|
| Knights' War
(1522–1523)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Trier
Palatinate
|
Brotherly Conventention of Knight's
|
Victory
|
Charles V
|
| German Peasants' War
(1524–1525)
|
Holy Roman Empire Swabian League
|
Peasant army
|
Victory
|
Charles V
|
| War of the League of Cognac
(1526-1530)
|
Pro-Habsburg:
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Duchy of Ferrara
Republic of Genoa (1528–1530)
Duchy of Mantua (1528–1530)
Papal States (1530)
|
League of Cognac:
Kingdom of France
Swiss mercenaries
Papal States (1526–1529) Swiss Guards
Republic of Venice
Republic of Florence
Kingdom of England
Republic of Genoa (1526–1528)
Kingdom of Navarre
Duchy of Milan
|
Victory
- Treaty of Cambrai (1529)
- End of the Florentine Republic (1530)
- Transformation of Florence into an hereditary monarchy by Pope Clement VII (1532)
|
Charles V
|
| Little War in Hungary
|
Holy Roman Empire
Archduchy of Austria
Kingdom of Bohemia
Duchy of Styria
Duchy of Carniola
Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain
Papal States
|
Ottoman Empire
John Szapolyai's Hungarian kingdom
Kingdom of France
|
Defeat
|
Charles V
|
| Conquest of Tunis (1535)
|
Spanish Empire
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Sicily
Holy Roman Empire
Republic of Genoa
County of Flanders
Kingdom of Portugal
Papal States
Knights of Malta
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
- Sack of Tunis
- Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.
|
Charles V
|
| Italian War of 1542–1546
|
Holy Roman Empire Saxony Brandenburg Spain England
|
France Ottoman Empire
Regency of Algiers
Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Denmark-Norway (1542–1543)
|
Inconclusive
|
Charles V
|
| Schmalkaldic War
(1546–1547)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Austria
Electorate of Saxony
Bohemian Crown
Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Hungary Supported by:
Papal States
|
Schmalkaldic League:
Electorate of Saxony
Hesse
Electoral Palatinate
Bremen
Lübeck
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Württemberg
Pomerania-Wolgast
Anhalt-Köthen
Brandenburg-Küstrin
- Lesser German states
Supported by:
England
|
Victory
- Capitulation of Wittenberg
- Schmalkadic League dissolved
- Saxon electoral dignity passed to the Albertine House of Wettin
|
Charles V
|
| Italian War of 1551–1559
|
Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire
Papal States (1551–1552)
Duchy of Mantua
Kingdom of England (1557–1559)
Republic of Florence
Duchy of Savoy
Republic of Genoa
Knights Hospitaller
|
Kingdom of France
Swiss mercenaries
Ottoman Empire
Duchy of Parma (1551–1552)
Republic of Siena (1552–1555/9)
Papal States (1556–1557)
|
Victory
- Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
|
Charles V
|
| Second Schmalkaldic War
(March–August 1552)
|
Imperial–Habsburg forces
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Austria
|
Protestant princes
|
Protestant victory
- Peace of Passau (1552)
- Peace of Augsburg (1555)
- Three Bishoprics annexed by the Kingdom of France
|
Charles V
|
| Long Turkish War
(1593–1606)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Transylvania
Kingdom of Hungary
Papal States
Spain
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Inconclusive
|
Rudolph II
|
| War of the Jülich Succession
(1609–1614)
|
1609–1610:
Holy Roman Empire
Principality of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Catholic League
|
1609–1610:
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Palatinate-Neuburg
United Provinces
Kingdom of France Protestant Union
|
Treaty of Xanten
|
Rudolph II
Matthias
|
| War of the Montferrat Succession
(1613-1617)
|
Supporting the Duke of Mantua:
Duchy of Mantua
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
Spanish Empire
France (1613–14)
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Naples
Genoa
|
Supporting the Duke of Savoy:
Duchy of Savoy
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
France (1615–17)
Venice
|
Victory
- Peace of Asti
- Savoy renounces its claims to Montferrat
|
Matthias
|
| Uskok War
(1615–1617)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain
|
Republic of Venice
Dutch Republic
England
|
Treaty of Madrid (1617)
- Many Uskok pirates executed or exiled; Austrian garrison installed to check Uskoks.
|
Matthias
|
| Thirty Years' War
(1618–1648)
|
Imperial alliance prior to 1635
Habsburg Monarchy
Spanish Empire
Bavaria
Catholic League
Post–1635 Peace of Prague
Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire
Denmark–Norway
|
Anti-Imperial alliance prior to 1635
Kingdom of Bohemia
Sweden
Palatinate
Savoy
Transylvania
Dutch Republic
Denmark–Norway
Heilbronn League
Hesse-Kassel
Brandenburg-Prussia
Saxony
Post–1635 Peace of Prague
France
Sweden
Dutch Republic
Hesse-Kassel
|
Defeat
- Peace of Prague (1635)
- Peace of Westphalia (1648):
- Peace of Münster (January 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic
- Treaty of Osnabrück (IPO; October 1648) between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire
- Treaty of Münster (October 1648) (IPM; October 1648) between France and the Holy Roman Empire
- Consequences
- France annexes Décapole, and Sundgau
- Sweden gains Wismar, Wolin, Western Pomerania, and Bremen-Verden
- Brandenburg-Prussia obtains Eastern Pomerania
- Spain recognises sovereignty of the Dutch Republic
- Old Swiss Confederacy gains independence from the Holy Roman Empire
|
Ferdinand III
|
| Upper Austrian peasant war of 1626
|
Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria
|
Austrian Rebels
|
Victory
|
Adam Von Herberstorff
|
| Austro-Turkish War
(1663–1664)
|
League of the Rhine:
Kingdom of France
Holy Roman Empire
Electorate of Saxony
Brandenburg-Prussia
Electorate of Bavaria
Baden-Baden
Swabia
Piedmont-Savoy
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Peace of Vasvár
|
Leopold I
|
| Franco-Dutch War
(1672–1678)
|
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire (from 1673)
Spain (from 1673)
Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1673)
Lorraine (from 1673)
Denmark–Norway (from 1674)
England (1678)
|
France
England (1672–74)
Münster (1672–1674)
Cologne (1672–1674)
Swedish Empire (from 1674)
|
Treaty of Nijmegen
- Major French territorial gains
- France occupies Lorraine, Freiburg and Kehl
|
Leopold I
|
| War of the Reunions
(1683–1684)
|
Spain Co-belligerent:
Holy Roman Empire
Genoa
|
France
|
Defeat
|
Leopold I
|
| Great Turkish War
(1683–1699)
|
Holy Roman Empire
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tsardom of Russia
Republic of Venice
Spanish Empire
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
- Treaty of Karlowitz
- The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans.
- Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia.
- Russia captures the port of Azov.
- Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia.
|
Leopold I
|
| Nine Years War
(1688–1697)
|
Grand Alliance:
Dutch Republic
England
Scotland
Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire
Savoyard state
|
France
|
Victory
|
Leopold I
|
| War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–1714)
|
Pro-Habsburg Spain
Holy Roman Empire
England (until 1707)
Scotland (until 1707)
Great Britain (from 1707)
Ireland
Dutch Republic
Prussia (from 1702)
Portugal (from 1702)
Savoy (from 1703)
|
Pro-Bourbon Spain
France
Bavaria
Savoy (until 1703)
Portugal (until 1702)
Cologne (until 1702)
Liège (until 1702)
Kuruc (1703–1711)
|
Indecisive
- Treaties of Utrecht (1713), Rastatt (1714) and Baden (1714)
- Philip is recognized as King of Spain, but once more renounces any claim to the throne of France
- Austria gains the crowns of Naples and Sardinia as well as the duchy of Milan and the Spanish Netherlands
- Savoy gains the crown of Sicily which is soon to be exchanged with Sardinia
|
Leopold I
Joseph I
Charles VI
|
| Rákóczi's War of Independence
(1703–1711)
|
- Swiss
- Germans
- Italians
- Spaniards
|
Kuruc (Kingdom of Hungary) Principality of Transylvania Kingdom of France
- Hungarian Slovenes
- Slovaks
- Rusyns
- Zipser Saxons
- Hungarian Germans
- Croats from Hungary
- Šokac and Bunjevac people
- Romanians in Hungary
- pro-Hungarian Serbs
Foreign mercenaries and volunteers:
- Poles
- Wallachians
- Crimean Tatars
- Swedes
- Ottoman Turks
- Germans
- Lithuanians
- Moldavians
- Bulgarians
- Lipka Tatars
- Ruthenians
|
Victory
|
Leopold I
Joseph I
Charles VI
|
| War of the Polish Succession
(1733–1735)
|
Poland loyal to Augustus III
Russia
Habsburg Monarchy
Holy Roman Empire (from 1734)
Saxony
Prussia
|
Poland loyal to Stanislaus I
France
Spain
Savoy-Sardinia
Duchy of Parma
|
Treaty of Vienna
- Augustus III ascends the throne
- Bourbon and Habsburg territorial gains
|
Charles VI
|
| Liège Revolution
(1789–1791)
|
Prince-Bishops of Liège
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg monarchy
Supported by:
Prussia (1789–1790)
|
Liège rebels
Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
France (from 1792)
Supported by:
Prussia (from July 1790)
|
Defeat
- Foundation of Liège Republic (1789);
reversion to Prince-Bishopric(1791);
annexation by France (1795)
|
Leopold II
|
War of the First Coalition (mostly the Low Countries theatre)
(1792–1797)
|
First Coalition:
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg monarchy (Austria)
Kingdom of Prussia
Electorate of Hanover
Hesse-Kassel (until 1795)
Great Britain
Spanish Empire (1793–95)
- Kingdom of Naples (until 1796)
- Kingdom of Portugal
- Kingdom of Prussia (until 1795)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (until 1796)
- Army of Condé
|
Kingdom of the French (1792)
French First Republic (from 1792)
Republic of Bouillon (1794–95)
Batavian Republic (from 1795)
Ligurian Republic (from 1795)
Cisrhenian Republic (1797)
Cisalpine Republic (1797)
- other sister republics
Spanish Empire (1796–97)
- Polish Legions (from 1797)
|
Defeat
- French monarchy abolished, republicanism spread across Europe
- All southern Low Countries and Left Bank of the Rhine annexed by France (1795)
- Treaty of The Hague (1795)
- Batavian Republic established as a French sister republic
- Peace of Basel (1795)
- Prussia and Hesse-Kassel withdraw from Coalition
- Spain allies with France (ending the War of the Pyrenees)
- Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)
- Habsburg monarchy accepts the loss of the Austrian Netherlands
|
Francis II
|