Lista de estados soberanos

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Banderas de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y observadores no miembros de la Asamblea General ante el Palacio de las Naciones en Ginebra (Suiza)

La siguiente es una lista que proporciona una descripción general de los estados soberanos de todo el mundo con información sobre su estado y el reconocimiento de su soberanía.

Los 206 estados enumerados se pueden dividir en tres categorías según su membresía dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas: 193 estados miembros de la ONU, 2 estados observadores no miembros de la Asamblea General de la ONU y otros 11 estados. La columna disputa de soberanía indica estados que tienen soberanía indiscutible (188 estados, de los cuales hay 187 estados miembros de la ONU y 1 estado observador no miembro de la Asamblea General de la ONU), estados que tienen soberanía en disputa (16 estados, de los cuales hay 6 estados miembros de la ONU, 1 estado observador no miembro de la Asamblea General de la ONU y 9 estados de facto) y estados que tienen un estatus político especial (2 estados, ambos en asociación libre con Nueva Zelanda).

Compilar una lista como esta puede ser un proceso complicado y controvertido, ya que no existe una definición que sea vinculante para todos los miembros de la comunidad de naciones con respecto a los criterios para la condición de Estado. Para obtener más información sobre los criterios utilizados para determinar el contenido de esta lista, consulte la sección criterios de inclusión a continuación. La lista pretende incluir entidades que han sido reconocidas como estados soberanos de facto, y la inclusión no debe verse como un respaldo a ningún reclamo específico de estado en términos legales.

Criterios de inclusión

El estándar dominante del derecho internacional consuetudinario sobre la condición de Estado es la teoría declarativa de la condición de Estado, que fue codificada por la Convención de Montevideo de 1933. La Convención define al Estado como una persona de derecho internacional si "posee[ es] las siguientes calificaciones: (a) una población permanente; (b) un territorio definido; (c) gobierno; y (d) una capacidad para entablar relaciones con los otros estados" siempre que no haya sido "obtenida por la fuerza si esto consiste en el empleo de armas, en amenazas a las representaciones diplomáticas, o en cualquier otra medida coercitiva efectiva".

Existe un debate sobre el grado en que el reconocimiento debe incluirse como criterio de la condición de Estado. La teoría declarativa de la condición de estado sostiene que la condición de estado es puramente objetiva y que el reconocimiento de un estado por parte de otros estados es irrelevante. En el otro extremo del espectro, la teoría constitutiva de la condición de Estado define a un Estado como una persona bajo el derecho internacional solo si es reconocido como soberano por otros Estados. A los efectos de esta lista, se incluyen todas las entidades políticas que se consideran estados soberanos (a través de una declaración de independencia o algún otro medio) y ya sea:

a menudo se considera que satisface la teoría declarativa de la estadidad, o
son reconocidos como un estado soberano por al menos un Estado miembro de la ONU

Tenga en cuenta que, en algunos casos, existe una divergencia de opiniones sobre la interpretación del primer punto, y se cuestiona si una entidad lo cumple. Las entidades políticas únicas que no cumplen con la clasificación de un estado soberano se consideran protoestados.

Sobre la base de los criterios anteriores, esta lista incluye las siguientes 206 entidades:

203 estados reconocidos por al menos un Estado miembro de la ONU
2 estados que satisfacen la teoría declarativa de la estadidad y son reconocidos sólo por estados no miembros de la ONU
1 estado que satisface la teoría declarativa de la estadidad y no es reconocido por ningún otro estado

La tabla incluye viñetas en la columna de la derecha que representan entidades que no son estados soberanos o que tienen una estrecha relación con otro estado soberano. También incluye áreas subnacionales donde la soberanía del estado titular está limitada por un acuerdo internacional. En conjunto, estos incluyen:

Entidades que están en una relación de asociación libre con otro estado
2 entidades controladas por Pakistán que no son estados soberanos, territorios dependientes, ni parte de otro estado: Azad Cachemira y Gilgit-Baltistan
Territorios dependientes de otro estado, así como áreas que exhiben muchas características de territorios dependientes según la página del territorio dependiente
Entidades subnacionales creadas por acuerdos internacionales

Lista de estados

Common and formal names	Membership within the UN System	Sovereignty dispute	Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty
A AAA	A AAA	A AAA
ZZZ↓ UN member states and General Assembly observer states ↓	A AAA	ZZZ
ZZZAbkhazia → See Abkhazia listing
Afghanistan	A UN member state	A None	The de facto ruling government, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, has not been recognised by any state. The United Nations continues to recognise the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the government of Afghanistan.
Albania – Republic of Albania	A UN member state	A None
Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria	A UN member state	A None
Andorra – Principality of Andorra	A UN member state	A None	Andorra is a co-principality in which the office of head of state is jointly held ex officio by the French president and the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Urgell, who himself is appointed with approval from the Holy See.
Angola – Republic of Angola	A UN member state	A None
Antigua and Barbuda	A UN member state	A None	Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm with one autonomous region, Barbuda.
Argentina – Argentine Republic	A UN member state	A None	Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and one autonomous city.
Armenia – Republic of Armenia	A UN member state	Not recognised by Pakistan.	Armenia is not recognised by Pakistan due to the dispute over Artsakh.
ZZZArtsakh → See Artsakh listing
Australia – Commonwealth of Australia	A UN member state	A None	Australia is a Commonwealth realm and a federation of both states and territories. There are six states, three internal territories, six external territories and one claimed Antarctic external territory. The external territories of Australia are: Ashmore and Cartier Islands Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Territory Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Australian Antarctic Territory
Austria – Republic of Austria	A UN member state	A None	Member of the European Union. Austria is a federation of nine states.
Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan	A UN member state	A None	Azerbaijan contains one autonomous region, Nakhchivan. The de facto state of Artsakh has been established in the southwest of Azerbaijan.
Bahamas, The – Commonwealth of The Bahamas	A UN member state	A None	The Bahamas is a Commonwealth realm.
Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain	A UN member state	A None
Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh	A UN member state	A None
Barbados	A UN member state	A None
Belarus – Republic of Belarus	A UN member state	A None	Many states rescinded their recognition of President Alexander Lukashenko following the disputed 2020 election. Lithuania currently recognizes Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's Coordination Council as the legitimate government of Belarus.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Belgium is a federation of three linguistic communities and three regions.
Belize	A UN member state	A None	Belize is a Commonwealth realm.
Benin – Republic of Benin	A UN member state	A None
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan	A UN member state	A None
Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia	A UN member state	A None
Bosnia and Herzegovina	A UN member state	A None	Bosnia and Herzegovina has two constituent entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska and Brčko District, a self-governing administrative district.
Botswana – Republic of Botswana	A UN member state	A None
Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil	A UN member state	A None	Brazil is a federation of 26 states and one federal district.
Brunei – Brunei Darussalam	A UN member state	A None
Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Burkina Faso	A UN member state	A None
ZZZBurma → See Myanmar listing
Burundi – Republic of Burundi	A UN member state	A None
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia	A UN member state	A None
Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon	A UN member state	A None
Canada	A UN member state	A None	Canada is a Commonwealth realm and a federation of ten provinces and three territories.
Cape Verde – Republic of Cabo Verde	A UN member state	A None
Central African Republic	A UN member state	A None
Chad – Republic of Chad	A UN member state	A None
Chile – Republic of Chile	A UN member state	A None	Chile has one special territory, Easter Island.
China – People's Republic of China	A UN member state	Partially unrecognised. Claimed by the Republic of China	China contains five autonomous regions, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. Additionally, it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of: Hong Kong Macao China claims, but does not control Taiwan, which is governed by a rival administration (the Republic of China) that claims all of China as its territory. China is not recognised by 14 UN member states and Vatican City, which, with the exception of Bhutan, all recognise the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead.
ZZZChina, Republic of → See Taiwan listing
Colombia – Republic of Colombia	A UN member state	A None
Comoros – Union of the Comoros	A UN member state	A None	Comoros is a federation of three islands.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	A UN member state	A None
Congo, Republic of the	A UN member state	A None
ZZZCook Islands → See Cook Islands listing
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica	A UN member state	A None
ZZZCôte d'Ivoire → See Ivory Coast listing
Croatia – Republic of Croatia	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Cuba – Republic of Cuba	A UN member state	A None
Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus	A UN member state	Not recognised by Turkey	Member of the EU. The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of Northern Cyprus. Cyprus is not recognised by Turkey due to the Cyprus dispute, with Turkey recognising Northern Cyprus.
Czech Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
ZZZDemocratic People's Republic of Korea → See Korea, North listing
ZZZDemocratic Republic of the Congo → See Congo, Democratic Republic of the listing
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. The Kingdom of Denmark includes 2 self-governing territories: Faroe Islands Greenland The metropolitan territory of Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom. The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law (in most cases) does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. See Greenland and the European Union, and Faroe Islands and the European Union for more information.
Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti	A UN member state	A None
Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica	A UN member state	A None
Dominican Republic	A UN member state	A None
East Timor – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste	A UN member state	A None
Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador	A UN member state	A None
Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt	A UN member state	A None
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador	A UN member state	A None
Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea	A UN member state	A None
Eritrea – State of Eritrea	A UN member state	A None
Estonia – Republic of Estonia	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Eswatini – Kingdom of Eswatini	A UN member state	A None
Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	A UN member state	A None	Ethiopia is a federation of eleven regions and two chartered cities.
Fiji – Republic of Fiji	A UN member state	A None	Fiji contains one autonomous region, Rotuma.
Finland – Republic of Finland	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Åland is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland.
France – French Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. France contains five overseas regions/departments; French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion. France also includes the overseas territories of: Clipperton Island French Polynesia New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Gabon – Gabonese Republic	A UN member state	A None
Gambia, The – Republic of The Gambia	A UN member state	A None
Georgia	A UN member state	A None	Georgia contains two autonomous republics, Adjara and Abkhazia. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, de facto states have been formed.
Germany – Federal Republic of Germany	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Germany is a federation of 16 states.
Ghana – Republic of Ghana	A UN member state	A None
Greece – Hellenic Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Greece contains one autonomous area, Mount Athos.
Grenada	A UN member state	A None	Grenada is a Commonwealth realm.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala	A UN member state	A None
Guinea – Republic of Guinea	A UN member state	A None
Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau	A UN member state	A None
Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana	A UN member state	A None
Haiti – Republic of Haiti	A UN member state	A None
ZZZHolland → See the Netherlands listing
ZZZHoly See → See Vatican City listing
Honduras – Republic of Honduras	A UN member state	A None
Hungary	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Iceland – Republic of Iceland	A UN member state	A None
India – Republic of India	A UN member state	A None	India is a federation of 28 states and eight union territories.
Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia	A UN member state	A None	Indonesia has eight autonomous provinces, Aceh, Jakarta, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, West Papua, and Yogyakarta.
Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran	A UN member state	A None
Iraq – Republic of Iraq	A UN member state	A None	Iraq is a federation of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region.
Ireland	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Israel – State of Israel	A UN member state	Partially unrecognised	Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by Palestine. It has annexed East Jerusalem, an act not recognised by the international community. Israel has varying levels of control over the rest of the West Bank, and although it ended its permanent civilian or military presence in the Gaza Strip, it is still considered to be the occupying power under international law. Israel is not recognised as a state by 28 UN members and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The Palestine Liberation Organization, recognised by a majority of UN member states as the representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993.
Italy – Italian Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Italy has 5 autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Ivory Coast – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire	A UN member state	A None
Jamaica	A UN member state	A None	Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm.
Japan	A UN member state	A None
Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	A UN member state	A None
Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan	A UN member state	A None
Kenya – Republic of Kenya	A UN member state	A None
Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati	A UN member state	A None
Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea	A UN member state	Claimed by South Korea	North Korea is not recognised by seven UN members, Botswana, Estonia, France, Israel, Japan, the United States, and South Korea, the last of which claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.
Korea, South – Republic of Korea	A UN member state	Claimed by North Korea	South Korea has one autonomous region, Jejudo. South Korea is not recognised by North Korea, which claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.
ZZZKosovo → See Kosovo listing
Kuwait – State of Kuwait	A UN member state	A None
Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic	A UN member state	A None
Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic	A UN member state	A None
Latvia – Republic of Latvia	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Lebanon – Lebanese Republic	A UN member state	A None
Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho	A UN member state	A None
Liberia – Republic of Liberia	A UN member state	A None
Libya – State of Libya	A UN member state	A None
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein	A UN member state	A None
Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
ZZZMacedonia → See North Macedonia listing
Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar	A UN member state	A None
Malawi – Republic of Malawi	A UN member state	A None
Malaysia	A UN member state	A None	Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories.
Maldives – Republic of Maldives	A UN member state	A None
Mali – Republic of Mali	A UN member state	A None
Malta – Republic of Malta	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands	A UN member state	A None	Under Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania	A UN member state	A None
Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius	A UN member state	A None	Mauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues.
Mexico – United Mexican States	A UN member state	A None	Mexico is a federation of 31 states and one autonomous city. The Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities have de facto autonomy.
Micronesia, Federated States of	A UN member state	A None	Under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia is a federation of four states.
Moldova – Republic of Moldova	A UN member state	A None	Moldova has the autonomous regions of Gagauzia and the Left Bank of the Dniester. The latter and a city Bender (Tighina), is under the de facto control of Transnistria.
Monaco – Principality of Monaco	A UN member state	A None
Mongolia	A UN member state	A None
Montenegro	A UN member state	A None
Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco	A UN member state	A None	Part of the Moroccan-claimed Western Sahara is controlled by the partially recognised Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique	A UN member state	A None
Myanmar – Republic of the Union of Myanmar	A UN member state	A None	Wa State is a de facto autonomous state within Myanmar. The United Nations has not recognized the de facto ruling government of Myanmar, the State Administration Council.
ZZZNagorno-Karabakh → See Artsakh listing
Namibia – Republic of Namibia	A UN member state	A None
Nauru – Republic of Nauru	A UN member state	A None
Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal	A UN member state	A None	Nepal is a federation composed of 7 provinces.
Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. The Kingdom of the Netherlands includes four areas with substantial autonomy: Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) are special municipalities of metropolitan Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law only wholly applies to parts within Europe.
New Zealand	A UN member state	A None	New Zealand is a Commonwealth realm, and has one dependent territory and one claimed Antarctic dependent territory: Tokelau Ross Dependency The New Zealand Government acts for the entire Realm of New Zealand in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely associated states: Cook Islands Niue The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 49 and 18 UN members respectively. They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN, and are members of some UN specialized agencies.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua	A UN member state	A None	Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions, Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte.
Niger – Republic of the Niger	A UN member state	A None
Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria	A UN member state	A None	Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and one federal territory.
ZZZNiue → See Niue listing
ZZZNorth Korea → See Korea, North listing
North Macedonia – Republic of North Macedonia	A UN member state	A None
ZZZNorthern Cyprus → See Northern Cyprus listing
Norway – Kingdom of Norway	A UN member state	A None	Norway has two unincorporated areas in Europe: Svalbard is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the Svalbard Treaty. Jan Mayen is an uninhabited island that is an integral part of Norway, although unincorporated. Norway has one dependent territory and two claimed Antarctic dependent territories in the Southern Hemisphere: Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land
Oman – Sultanate of Oman	A UN member state	A None
Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan	A UN member state	A None	Pakistan is a federation of four provinces and one capital territory. Pakistan exercises control over certain portions of Kashmir, but has not officially annexed any of it, instead regarding it as a disputed territory. The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper: Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan Azad Kashmir describes itself as a "self-governing state under Pakistani control", while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of "areas" with self-government. These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defence) are performed by Pakistan.
Palau – Republic of Palau	A UN member state	A None	Under Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Palestine – State of Palestine	A UN General Assembly observer state; member of two UN specialized agencies	Partially unrecognised.	The State of Palestine, declared in 1988, is not recognised as a state by Israel but has received diplomatic recognition from 138 states. The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control over much of the territory that it proclaimed. The Palestinian National Authority is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the Oslo Accords that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the Palestinian territories. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization. The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO, UNIDO and other international organizations.
Panama – Republic of Panama	A UN member state	A None
Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea	A UN member state	A None	Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm with one autonomous region, Bougainville.
Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay	A UN member state	A None
Peru – Republic of Peru	A UN member state	A None
Philippines – Republic of the Philippines	A UN member state	A None	The Philippines contains one autonomous region, Bangsamoro.
Poland – Republic of Poland	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Portugal – Portuguese Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Portugal contains two autonomous regions, the Azores and Madeira.
ZZZPridnestrovie → See Transnistria listing
Qatar – State of Qatar	A UN member state	A None
ZZZRepublic of Korea → See Korea, South listing
ZZZRepublic of the Congo → See Congo, Republic of the listing
Romania	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Russia – Russian Federation	A UN member state	A None	Russia is a federation of 83 internationally recognised federal subjects (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.
Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda	A UN member state	A None
ZZZSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic listing
Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis	A UN member state	A None	Saint Kitts and Nevis is a Commonwealth realm and is a federation of two islands, St. Kitts and Nevis.
Saint Lucia	A UN member state	A None	Saint Lucia is a Commonwealth realm.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	A UN member state	A None	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Commonwealth realm.
Samoa – Independent State of Samoa	A UN member state	A None
San Marino – Republic of San Marino	A UN member state	A None
São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe	A UN member state	A None	São Tomé and Príncipe contains one autonomous province, Príncipe.
Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	A UN member state	A None
Senegal – Republic of Senegal	A UN member state	A None
Serbia – Republic of Serbia	A UN member state	A None	Serbia contains two autonomous regions, Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. The latter is under the de facto control of Kosovo.
Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles	A UN member state	A None
Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone	A UN member state	A None
Singapore – Republic of Singapore	A UN member state	A None
Slovakia – Slovak Republic	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Solomon Islands	A UN member state	A None	Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm.
Somalia – Federal Republic of Somalia	A UN member state	A None	Somalia is a federation of six states. Two, Puntland and Galmudug, have self-declared autonomy, while one, Somaliland, is de facto independent.
ZZZSomaliland → See Somaliland listing
South Africa – Republic of South Africa	A UN member state	A None
ZZZSouth Korea → See Korea, South listing
ZZZSouth Ossetia → See South Ossetia listing
South Sudan – Republic of South Sudan	A UN member state	A None	South Sudan is a federation of 10 states and three administrative areas. The Abyei Area is a zone with "special administrative status" established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.
Spain – Kingdom of Spain	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU. Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and two special autonomous cities.
Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka	A UN member state	A None
Sudan – Republic of the Sudan	A UN member state	A None	Sudan is a federation of 18 states. The Abyei Area is a zone with "special administrative status" established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.
ZZZSudan, South → See South Sudan listing
Suriname – Republic of Suriname	A UN member state	A None
ZZZSwaziland → See Eswatini listing
Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden	A UN member state	A None	Member of the EU.
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation	A UN member state	A None	Switzerland is a federation of 26 cantons.
Syria – Syrian Arab Republic	A UN member state	A None	The Syrian National Coalition, which is recognised as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members, has established an interim government to rule rebel controlled territory during the Syrian civil war. Syria has one self-declared autonomous region: Rojava.
ZZZTaiwan (Republic of China) → See Taiwan listing
Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan	A UN member state	A None	Tajikistan contains one autonomous region, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province.
Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania	A UN member state	A None	Tanzania contains one autonomous region, Zanzibar.
Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand	A UN member state	A None
ZZZThe Bahamas → See Bahamas, The listing
ZZZThe Gambia → See Gambia, The listing
ZZZTimor-Leste → See East Timor listing
Togo – Togolese Republic	A UN member state	A None
Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga	A UN member state	A None
ZZZTransnistria → See Transnistria listing
Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago	A UN member state	A None	Trinidad and Tobago contains one autonomous region, Tobago.
Tunisia – Republic of Tunisia	A UN member state	A None
Turkey – Republic of Türkiye	A UN member state	A None
Turkmenistan	A UN member state	A None
Tuvalu	A UN member state	A None	Tuvalu is a Commonwealth realm.
Uganda – Republic of Uganda	A UN member state	A None
Ukraine	A UN member state	A None	Ukraine contains one autonomous region, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which is under the control of Russia. Five other areas of Ukraine are under full or partial Russian control, including Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Sevastopol, and Zaporizhzhia.
United Arab Emirates	A UN member state	A None	The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates.
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	A UN member state	A None	The United Kingdom is a Commonwealth realm consisting of four constituent countries; England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United Kingdom has the following 13 overseas territories and one claimed Antarctic dependent territory: Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands British Antarctic Territory The British monarch also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown Dependencies: Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey
United States – United States of America	A UN member state	A None	The United States is a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory. Additionally, the Federal government of the United States has sovereignty over 13 unincorporated territories. Of these territories, the following five are inhabited possessions: American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands It also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories: Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Wake Island It also disputes sovereignty over the following two territories: Bajo Nuevo Bank Serranilla Bank Three sovereign states have become associated states of the United States under the Compact of Free Association: Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia Palau – Republic of Palau
Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay	A UN member state	A None
Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan	A UN member state	A None	Uzbekistan contains one autonomous region, Karakalpakstan.
Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu	A UN member state	A None
Vatican City – Vatican City State	A UN General Assembly observer state under the designation of "Holy See"; member of three UN specialized agencies	A None	Administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations to 183 states. This figure consists of 180 UN member states, the Cook Islands, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the State of Palestine. In addition, the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The Holy See is a member of three UN specialized agencies (ITU, UPU, and WIPO) and the IAEA, as well as being a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of "Non-member State") and multiple other UN System organizations. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the Pope, who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ex officio sovereign of Vatican City.
Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	A UN member state	A None	Venezuela is a federation of 23 states, one capital district, and federal dependencies.
Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam	A UN member state	A None
ZZZWestern Sahara → See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic listing
Yemen – Republic of Yemen	A UN member state	A None
Zambia – Republic of Zambia	A UN member state	A None
Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe	A UN member state	A None
ZZZ↑ UN member states and General Assembly observer states ↑	A ZZZ	ZZZ
ZZZ	AB	B
ZZZ↓ Other states ↓	D AAA	ZZZ
Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia	D No membership	BClaimed by AfghanistanClaimed by Georgia	Recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Syria, Venezuela, Artsakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Artsakh – Republic of Artsakh	D No membership	Claimed by Azerbaijan	A de facto independent state, recognised only by Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Azerbaijan.
Cook Islands	D Member of eight UN specialized agencies	A None (See political status)	A state in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands maintains diplomatic relations with 52 other states. The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo	D Member of two UN specialized agencies	Claimed by Serbia	Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, Kosovo was placed under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in 1999. Kosovo declared independence in 2008, and it has received diplomatic recognition from 114 UN member states and the Republic of China, while 18 states have recognized Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition. Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo.
Niue	D Member of five UN specialized agencies	A None (See political status)	A state in free association with New Zealand, Niue maintains diplomatic relations with 20 other states. Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	D No membership	Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus	Recognised only by Turkey. Under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", it is an observer state of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	D No membership	Claimed by Morocco	Recognised at some stage by 84 UN member states, 39 of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian–African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian–African Conference. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.
Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland	D No membership	Claimed by Somalia	A de facto independent state, not diplomatically recognised by any other state, claimed in whole by the Federal Republic of Somalia.
South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania	D No membership	BClaimed by AfghanistanClaimed by Georgia	A de facto independent state, recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, Abkhazia, Artsakh, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia.
Taiwan – Republic of China	D No membership, former membership until 1971	Partially unrecognised. Claimed by the People's Republic of China	A state competing (nominally) for recognition with the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China (ROC) controls the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, and Pratas Island, as well as Taiping Island and Zhongzhou Reef of the Spratly Islands, and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the mainland. The ROC is recognised by 13 UN member states and the Holy See as of 9 December 2021, none of which recognise the PRC. Additionally, one UN member (Bhutan) has refrained from recognising either the ROC or the PRC. In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations with 58 UN member states, one self-declared state (Somaliland), three territories (Guam, Hong Kong, and Macau), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates under the One China principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices. The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC. The ROC participates in international organizations under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly "Chinese Taipei" and in the WTO it has full membership under the designation of "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu". The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the UN Security Council. See China and the United Nations.
Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	D No membership	Claimed by Moldova	A de facto independent state, recognised only by Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by Moldova.
ZZZ↑ Other states ↑	D ZZZ	ZZZ
ZZZZ	ZZZZ	ZZZZ