Asia del Sur
Asia Meridional es la subregión meridional de Asia, definida tanto en términos geográficos como étnico-culturales. Con una población de 2.040 millones de habitantes, Asia Meridional alberga una cuarta parte (25%) de la población mundial. Como se suele pensar, los estados modernos de Asia Meridional incluyen Bangladesh, Bután, India, Maldivas, Nepal, Pakistán y Sri Lanka, incluyendo también a menudo Afganistán, que de otro modo podría clasificarse como parte de Asia Central. Asia Meridional limita al noreste con Asia Oriental, al noroeste con Asia Central, al oeste con Asia Occidental y al este con el Sudeste Asiático. Además del Sudeste Asiático, Asia Meridional Marítima es la única subregión de Asia que se encuentra parcialmente en el hemisferio sur. El Territorio Británico del Océano Índico y dos de los 26 atolones de las Maldivas en Asia Meridional se encuentran íntegramente en el hemisferio sur. Topográficamente, está dominada por el subcontinente indio y limita con el océano Índico al sur y el Himalaya, el Karakórum y el Pamir al norte.
La vida sedentaria surgió en el subcontinente indio, en los márgenes occidentales de la cuenca del río Indo, hace 9000 años, evolucionando gradualmente hacia la civilización del valle del Indo del tercer milenio a. C. Para el año 1200 a. C., una forma arcaica del sánscrito, una lengua indoeuropea, se había difundido en la India desde el noroeste, y las lenguas dravídicas fueron suplantadas en las regiones septentrional y occidental. Para el año 400 a. C., la estratificación y la exclusión por castas habían surgido dentro del hinduismo, y habían surgido el budismo y el jainismo, que proclamaban órdenes sociales desvinculados de la herencia.A principios de la Edad Media, el cristianismo, el islam, el judaísmo y el zoroastrismo se consolidaron en las costas meridional y occidental del sur de Asia. Los ejércitos musulmanes de Asia Central invadieron intermitentemente las llanuras del norte de la India, fundando finalmente el Sultanato de Delhi en el siglo XIII e integrando la región en las redes cosmopolitas del islam medieval. El Imperio Mogol Islámico, en 1526, marcó el comienzo de dos siglos de relativa paz, dejando un legado de arquitectura luminosa. A esto le siguió la expansión gradual del dominio de la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales, convirtiendo la mayor parte del sur de Asia en una economía colonial, pero también consolidando su soberanía. El dominio de la Corona Británica comenzó en 1858. Los derechos prometidos a los indios se otorgaron lentamente, pero se introdujeron avances tecnológicos y arraigaron las ideas modernas sobre la educación y la vida pública. En 1947, el Imperio Británico de la India se dividió en dos dominios independientes: el Dominio de la India, de mayoría hindú, y el Dominio de Pakistán, de mayoría musulmana, en medio de una pérdida de vidas a gran escala y una migración sin precedentes. La Guerra de Liberación de Bangladesh de 1971, un episodio de la Guerra Fría que resultó en la secesión de Pakistán Oriental, fue el ejemplo más reciente de la formación de una nueva nación en la región.El sur de Asia tiene una superficie total de 5,2 millones de kilómetros cuadrados (2 millones de millas cuadradas), lo que representa el 10 % del continente asiático. Se estima que su población es de 2.040 millones de habitantes, aproximadamente una cuarta parte de la población mundial, lo que la convierte en la región geográfica más poblada y densamente poblada del mundo.En 2022, el sur de Asia albergaba la mayor población mundial de hindúes, musulmanes, sijs, jainistas y zoroastrianos. Solo el sur de Asia concentra el 90,47 % de los hindúes, el 95,5 % de los sijs y el 31 % de los musulmanes a nivel mundial, además de 35 millones de cristianos y 25 millones de budistas.La Asociación del Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional (SAARC) es una organización de cooperación económica en la región, fundada en 1985, que incluye a todos los países del sur de Asia.Definición
Ambigüedad
Definiciones orgánicas

Subcontinente indio
contexto asiático
Historia
Prehistoria
Era antigua


Era medieval


Era moderna


Era contemporánea

Geografía
Indian Plate
Climate

- El borde norte de la India y las tierras altas del norte de Pakistán tienen un clima continental subtropical seco
- El lejano sur de la India y el suroeste de Sri Lanka tienen un clima ecuatorial
- La mayor parte de la península tiene un clima tropical con variaciones:
- Clima subtropical caliente en el noroeste de la India
- Cool invierno caliente clima tropical en Bangladesh
- Clima semiárido tropical en el centro
- El Himalaya y la mayoría del Kush hindú tienen un clima alpino
- El monzón de verano: El viento sopla desde el suroeste hasta la mayoría de partes de la región. Cuenta con un 70%–90% de la precipitación anual.
- El monzón de invierno: El viento sopla desde el noreste. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives.
Cambio climático


Regiones
Northern South Asia
Northwestern South Asia
Asia meridional oriental
Asia meridional
Asia meridional central
Los Holkars de Indore, Scindias de Gwalior, Puars of Dewas Junior, Dewas Senior y Dhar State eran familias poderosas del Imperio Maratha que se basaban en la India Central. Los territorios que ahora comprenden Madhya Pradesh y Chhattisgarh fueron gobernados por numerosos príncipes que entraron en alianza subsidiaria con los británicos.
Después de la independencia, los estados de Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh y Bhopal se fusionaron en Madhya Pradesh en 1956. En 2000, el nuevo estado de Chhattisgarh fue tallado fuera de Madhya Pradesh.Asia meridional
Zona de tierra y agua
País | Zona en km2 | EEZ | Estante | EEZ+TIA |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 652,864 | 0 | 0 | 652,864 |
![]() | 148.460 | 86.392 | 66.438 | 230.390 |
![]() | 38.394 | 0 | 0 | 38.394 |
![]() | 3,287,263 | 2,305,143 | 402,996 | 5.592.406 |
![]() | 147.181 | 0 | 0 | 147.181 |
![]() | 298 | 923,322 | 34,538 | 923.622 |
![]() | 881,913 | 290,000 | 51,383 | 1.117.911 |
![]() | 65.610 | 532,619 | 32.453 | 598.229 |
Total | 5,221,093 | 4,137,476 | 587,808 | 9.300.997 |
Society
Población
País | Población en miles (2023) | % del Asia meridional | % del mundo | Densidad (por km)2) | Tasa de crecimiento demográfico | Proyección de población (en miles) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005–10 | 2010–15 | 2015–20 | 1950 | 1975 | 2000 | 2025 | 2050 | 2075 | 2100 | |||||
![]() | 42.240 | 2.17% | 0,525% | 61.8 | 2.78 | 3.16 | 2.41 | 7,752 | 12.689 | 20.779 | 44,516 | 74.075 | 98.732 | 110.855 |
![]() | 172,954 | 8,92% | 2.15% | 1301 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.04 | 37.895 | 70.066 | 127.658 | 170.937 | 203,905 | 201,891 | 176,366 |
![]() | 787 | 0,04% | 0,00978% | 20.3 | 2.05 | 1.58 | 1.18 | 177 | 348 | 591 | 797 | 874 | 803 | 654 |
![]() | 1.428.628 | 73,7% | 17.5% | 473,4 | 1.46 | 1.23 | 1.10 | 376,325 | 623,103 | 1.056.576 | 1.454.607 | 1.670.491 | 1,676,035 | 1.529.850 |
![]() | 521 | 0,03% | 0,00647% | 1738.2 | 2.68 | 2.76 | 1.85 | 74 | 136 | 279 | 515 | 570 | 543 | 469 |
![]() | 30.897 | 1,59% | 0,384% | 204.1 | 1.05 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 8.483 | 13,420 | 23.941 | 31.577 | 37.401 | 38.189 | 33.770 |
![]() | 240.486 | 12.4% | 2.98% | 300.2 | 2.05 | 2.09 | 1.91 | 37,542 | 66.817 | 142.344 | 249,949 | 367.808 | 453,262 | 487,017 |
![]() | 21,894 | 1.13% | 0,272% | 347.2 | 0,688 | 0,50 | 0,355 | 7,971 | 13,755 | 18.778 | 22.000 | 21.815 | 19.000 | 14,695 |
Asia meridional | 1,938,407 | 100% | 24.094% | 377.5 | - | - | - | 476,220 | 800.335 | 1.390.946 | 1,974,898 | 2.376.939 | 2,488,455 | 2.353.676 |
La población de países del Asia meridional en 1950, 1975, 2000, 2025, 2050, 2075 y 2100 proyecciones de las Naciones Unidas se han mostrado en el cuadro. Las proyecciones demográficas se basan en un índice medio de fecundidad. Dado que la India y Bangladesh se aproximan rápidamente a las tasas de sustitución, el crecimiento de la población en Asia meridional se enfrenta a una fuerte disminución y puede resultar negativo a mediados del siglo XXI. |
Idiomas


Religiones

- Hinduismo (73,07%)
- Islam (21,45%)
- Budismo y jainismo (1.49%)
- Sikhism (0,62%)
- Cristianismo (0,47%)
- Otros (2,68%)
- Religion not known (0.22%)
País | State religion | Población religiosa como porcentaje de la población total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Budismo | Cristianismo | Hinduismo | Islam | Kiratism | Sikhism | Otros | Año notificado | ||
![]() | Islam | – | – | – | 99,7% | – | – | 0,3% | 2019 |
![]() | Islam | 0,6% | 0,4% | 9,5% | 90,4% | – | – | – | 2011 |
![]() | Budismo Vajrayana | 74,8% | 0,5% | 22.6% | 0,1% | – | – | 2% | 2010 |
![]() | Seglar | 0,7% | 2,3% | 79,8% | 14,2% | – | 1,7% | 1,3% | 2011 |
![]() | Islam | – | – | – | 100% | – | – | – | |
![]() | Seglar | 9% | 1,3% | 81,3% | 4,4% | 3% | – | 0,8% | 2013 |
![]() | Islam | – | 1,59% | 1,85% | 96,28% | – | – | 0,07% | 2010 |
![]() | Budismo Teravada | 70,2% | 6,2% | 12.6% | 9,7% | – | – | 1,4% | 2011 |
Zonas urbanas más grandes
Migración
Diáspora
Cultura
Deportes

Cine
Música
Cuisine
Economía


País | PIB | Inflación | HDI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIB nominal (millones de dólares EE.UU.) (2025) | PIB per cápita (2022) | PIB (PPP) (en millones) (2022) | PIB (PPP) per cápita (2022) | Crecimiento del PIB (2022) | HDI (Rank) (2022) | Inequality-ajusted HDI (Rank) (2022) | ||
![]() | 14,502 (2023) | $611 (2020) | 80.912 dólares (2020) | 2.456 dólares (2020) | -2.4% (2020) | 5,6% (2020) | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 467.218 | 2.734 dólares | 1.345.646 dólares (8,97%) | 7.985 dólares | 7,2% | 6,1% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 3.422 | 3.562 dólares | 9.937 dólares (0,07%) | 13.077 dólares | 4.0% | 7.7% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 4,187,017 | 2.466 dólares | 11.665.490 dólares (77,74%) | $8,293 | 6,8% | 6,9% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 7.480 | 15.097 dólares | 12.071 dólares (0,08%) | 30.888 dólares | 8.7% | 4,3% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 46,080 | 1.293 dólares | 141.161 dólares (0,94%) | 4.677 dólares | 4,2% | 6,3% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 338.368 (2023) | 1.658 dólares | 1.512.476 dólares (10.08%) | 6.662 dólares | 6,0% | 12,10% | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 84.357 | 3.293 dólares | 318.690 dólares (2,12%) | 14.230 dólares | -8.7% | 48,2% | ![]() | ![]() |
Asia meridional | 5.148.804 (100%) | 2.385 dólares | $15,005,471 (100%) | 8.085 | 6,4% | 8.1% | ![]() | - |
Pobreza
Según el informe IPM (Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional) de 2023 de la ONU, alrededor del 20% de los habitantes del sur de Asia son pobres.
El 51,7 % de la población de Afganistán se encontraba por debajo del umbral de pobreza según el IPM en 2019, mientras que el 24,1 % de la población de Bangladesh se encontraba por debajo de dicho umbral en 2021. India sacó a 415 millones de personas de la pobreza según el IPM entre 2005-2006 y 2019-2021; el 16,4 % de la población de India se encontraba en situación de pobreza según el IPM en 2019-2021, en comparación con el 55,1 % en 2005-2006. El 10 % de la población de India se encontraba por debajo del umbral internacional de pobreza de 2,15 dólares al día en 2021.País | Población por debajo del umbral de pobreza (a razón de $1,9 días) | Global Hunger Index (2021) | Población desnutrida (2015) | Esperanza de vida (2019) (clase global) | Informe mundial sobre la riqueza (2019) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banco Mundial (año) | 2022 Informe del Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza (año fuente de IMP) | Población en extrema pobreza (2022) | CIA Factbook (2015) | Total de riqueza nacional en miles de millones de dólares (clase global) | La riqueza por adulto en USD | La riqueza mediana por adulto en USD (clase global) | ||||
![]() | 54.5% (2016) | 55,91% (2015-16) | 18% | 36% | 28.3 (103a) | 26,8% | 63.2 (160a) | 25 (116a) | 1.463 | 640 (156a) |
![]() | 24.3% (2016) | 24.64% (2019) | 4% | 31,5% | 19.1 (76a) | 16.4% | 74.3 (82a) | 697 (44a) | 6,643 | 2.787 (117a) |
![]() | 8.2% (2017) | 37,34% (2010) | 4% | 12% | No hay datos | No hay datos | 73.1 (99a) | No Data | No Data | No Data |
![]() | 21.9% (2011) | 16.4% (2019–21) | 3% | 29.8% | 27.5 (101a) | 15,2% | 70.8 (117a) | 12.614 (7a) | 14,569 | 3.042 (115a) |
![]() | 8.2% (2016) | 0,77% (2016–17) | 4% | 16% | No hay datos | 5,2% | 79.6 (33a) | 7 (142a) | 23.297 | 8.555 (74a) |
![]() | 25.2% (2010) | 17.50% (2019) | 8% | 25,2% | 19.1 (76a) | 7.8% | 70.9 (116a) | 68 (94a) | 3,870 | 1,510 (136a) |
![]() | 24,3% (2015) | 38,33% (2017-18) | 5% | 12.4% | 24.7 (94a) | 22% | 69.3 (144a) | 465 (49a) | 4.096 | 1.766 (128a) |
![]() | 4.1% (2016) | 2.92% (2016) | 5% | 8.9% | 16 (65a) | 22% | 76.9 (54a) | 297 (60a) | 20.628 | 8.283 (77a) |
Bolsas de valores
Educación




Parámetros | Afganistán | Bangladesh | Bhután | India | Maldivas | Nepal | Pakistán | Sri Lanka | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inscripción escolar primaria | 29% | 90% | 85% | 92% | 94% | 96% | 73% | 98% | |
Inscripción escolar secundaria | 49% | 54% | 78% | 68% | N/A | 72% | 45% | 96% |
Salud y nutrición


Gobernanza y política
Sistemas de gobierno
Parámetros | Afganistán | Bangladesh | Bhután | India | Maldivas | Nepal | Pakistán | Sri Lanka | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Índice de Estados frágiles | 102.9 | 85,7 | 69,5 | 75.3 | 66.2 | 82.6 | 92.1 | 81.8 | |
Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción (2019) (Estado mundial de 179 países) | 16 (173a) | 26 (146a) | 68 (25a) | 41 (80a) | 29 (130a) | 34 (113a) | 32 (120a) | 38 (93a) | |
La gobernanza mundial Indicadores (2015) | Eficacia del Gobierno | 8% | 24% | 68% | 56% | 41% | 13% | 27% | 53% |
Estabilidad política y ausencia violencia y terrorismo | 1% | 11% | 89% | 17% | 61% | 16% | 1% | 47% | |
Estado de derecho | 2% | 27% | 70% | 56% | 35% | 27% | 24% | 60% | |
Voz y rendición de cuentas | 16% | 31% | 46% | 61% | 30% | 33% | 27% | 36% |
Política regional


Grupos regionales de países
Nombre | Zona (km2) | Población | Densidad de la población (por km)2) | Capital o Secretaría | Moneda | Países | Idioma oficial | Carne de armas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definición básica del Asia meridional | 5,220,460 | 1.726.907.000 | 330.79 | — | — | Bangladesh, Bhután, India, Maldivas, Nepal, Pakistán, Sri Lanka | — | — |
Definición de Asia meridional | 6,778,083 | 1.702 millones | 270.77 | — | — | Afganistán, Bangladesh, Bhután, India, Irán, Maldivas, Nepal, Pakistán, Sri Lanka | — | — |
SAARC | 4.637.469 | 1.626 millones | 350,6 | Kathmandu | — | Afganistán, Bangladesh, Bhután, India, Maldivas, Nepal, Pakistán, Sri Lanka | Inglés | — |
SASEC | 3,565,467 | 1,485,909,931 | 416.75 | — | — | Bangladesh, Bhután, India, Maldivas, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka | — | — |
BBIN | 3.499.559 | 1,465,236.000 | 418.69 | — | — | Bangladesh, Bhután, India, Nepal | — | — |
Véase también
- Genética y arqueogenética del Asia meridional
- Lista de edificios y estructuras más altos en el subcontinente indio
- Lista de controversias territoriales
- Una región en Turmoil: Conflictos de Asia Meridional desde 1947 por Rob Johnson
Regiones más amplias
- Greater India
- Himalayan Rim
- Indo-Mediterranean
- India – Medio Oriente – Corredor Económico de Europa
- Indo-Pacific
Notas
- ^ Administrado por el Reino Unido, reclamado por Mauricio como el archipiélago de Chagos.
- ^ Según el sitio web de la sección cartográfica de la ONU, "DESIGNATIONS USED: La descripción y utilización de los límites, nombres geográficos y datos conexos que figuran en los mapas e incluidos en las listas, cuadros, documentos y bases de datos de este sitio web no justifican ser libres de errores ni implican necesariamente que las Naciones Unidas aprueben o acepten oficialmente".
- ^ Doniger 2010, p. 66: "Mucho de lo que ahora llamamos hinduismo puede haber tenido raíces en culturas que prosperaron en el sur de Asia mucho antes de la creación de pruebas textuales que podemos descifrar con cualquier confianza. Se han conservado pinturas rupestres notables de sitios mesolíticos que datan de c.30.000 BCE en Bhimbetka, cerca de Bhopal actual, en las montañas Vindhya en la provincia de Madhya Pradesh."
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. xvii: "Algunas prácticas del hinduismo deben haberse originado en tiempos neolíticos (c. 4000 BCE). La adoración de ciertas plantas y animales como sagrado, por ejemplo, podría tener muy probablemente una gran antigüedad. La adoración de las diosas, también, una parte del hinduismo hoy, tal vez una característica que se originó en el Neolítico."
- ^ Michaels: "Se llamaban arya ("Arianos", literalmente "los hospitalarios", de los Védicos arya, "homey, the hospitable") pero incluso en el Rgveda, arya denota un límite cultural y lingüístico y no sólo racial".
- ^ Mayoría: India, Nepal
Minority: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan - ^ Mayoría: Afganistán, Bangladesh, Maldivas, Pakistán
Minority: India - ^ Minority: Afghanistan
- ^ Mayoría: Bhután, Sri Lanka
Minority: Nepal - ^ Minority: India
- ^ "Shah Jahan eventualmente envió su cuerpo 800 km (500 mi) a Agra para sepultura en el Rauza-i Munauwara ("Tumba iluminada") – un homenaje personal y una manifestación de piedra de su poder imperial. Esta tumba se ha celebrado globalmente como el Taj Mahal."
- ^ China afirma que Arunachal Pradesh administrada por India
Referencias
Citaciones
- ^ a b c d "Overall total population" (xlsx). United Nations. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "GDP, current prices". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "GDP, Current Prices, Purchasing Power Parity; Billions of International Bollars, Billions of U.S. Dollars". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "GDP per capita, current prices". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2020 – 'Human Development Indices and Indicators'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. p. 346. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ a b Saez 2012, p. 58: "Afghanistan is considered to be part of Central Asia. It regards itself as a link between Central Asia and South Asia."
- ^ "South Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ a b Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11 March 2002). The Changing Geography of Asia. Routledge. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6.
This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east.
- ^ (a) Dyson 2018, pp. 4–5; (b) Fisher 2018, p. 33
- ^ Lowe, John J. (2015). Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-19-100505-3.
(The Rigveda) consists of 1,028 hymns (suktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India.
- ^ (a) Witzel, Michael (2008). "Vedas and Upanisads". In Gavin Flood (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-470-99868-7.
It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE);... The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a tape-recording of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. (pp. 68–69)... The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE. (p. 70)
(b) Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press. pp. xviii, 10. ISBN 978-0-19-936009-3.A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda (p. xviii); Hindu texts began with the Rig Veda ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE (p. 10)
(c) Ludden 2014, p. 19, "In Punjab, a dry region with grasslands watered by five rivers (hence 'panch' and 'ab') draining the western Himalayas, one prehistoric culture left no material remains, but some of its ritual texts were preserved orally over the millennia. The culture is called Aryan, and evidence in its texts indicates that it spread slowly south-east, following the course of the Yamuna and Ganga Rivers. Its elite called itself Arya (pure) and distinguished themselves sharply from others. Aryans led kin groups organized as nomadic horse-herding tribes. Their ritual texts are called Vedas, composed in Sanskrit. Vedic Sanskrit is recorded only in hymns that were part of Vedic rituals to Aryan gods. To be Aryan apparently meant to belong to the elite among pastoral tribes. Texts that record Aryan culture are not precisely datable, but they seem to begin around 1200 BCE with four collections of Vedic hymns (Rg, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva)." (d) Dyson 2018, pp. 14–15, "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family.... It seems likely that various small-scale migrations were involved in the gradual introduction of the predecessor language and associated cultural characteristics. However, there may not have been a tight relationship between movements of people on the one hand, and changes in language and culture on the other. Moreover, the process whereby a dynamic new force gradually arose—a people with a distinct ideology who eventually seem to have referred to themselves as 'Arya'—was certainly two-way. That is, it involved a blending of new features which came from outside with other features—probably including some surviving Harappan influences—that were already present. Anyhow, it would be quite a few centuries before Sanskrit was written down. And the hymns and stories of the Arya people—especially the Vedas and the later Mahabharata and Ramayana epics—are poor guides as to historical events. Of course, the emerging Arya were to have a huge impact on the history of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, little is known about their early presence."; (e) Robb 2011, pp. 46–, "The expansion of Aryan culture is supposed to have begun around 1500 BCE. It should not be thought that this Aryan emergence (though it implies some migration) necessarily meant either a sudden invasion of new peoples, or a complete break with earlier traditions. It comprises a set of cultural ideas and practices, upheld by a Sanskrit-speaking elite, or Aryans. The features of this society are recorded in the Vedas." - ^ Dyson 2018, pp. 16, 25
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Joya Chatterji describes how the partition of the British Indian empire into the new nation states of India and Pakistan produced new diaspora on a vast, and hitherto unprecedented, scale, but hints that the sheer magnitude of refugee movements in South Asia after 1947 must be understood in the context of pre-existing migratory flows within the partitioned regions (see also Chatterji 2013). She also demonstrates that the new national states of India and Pakistan were quickly drawn into trying to stem this migration. As they put into place laws designed to restrict the return of partition emigrants, this produced new dilemmas for both new nations in their treatment of 'overseas Indians'; and many of them lost their right to return to their places of origin in the subcontinent, and also their claims to full citizenship in host countries.
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Más lectura
- Anthony, David W. (2007), El Caballo, la Rueda y el Idioma: Cómo los Bronce-Age Riders de las estepas euroasiáticas Formaron el Mundo Moderno, Princeton University Press
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press
Enlaces externos
- Asia meridional, El Banco Mundial
- Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago
- Artes del sur de Asia y Himalayan Archivado el 6 de octubre de 2017 en el Wayback Machine, Freer y Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian
- South Asia, Brookings Institution
- South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, Asia Development Bank