Linha do tempo das descobertas de elementos químicos

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A descoberta dos 118 elementos químicos conhecidos até 2023 é apresentada em ordem cronológica. Os elementos são listados geralmente na ordem em que cada um foi definido pela primeira vez como elemento puro, pois a data exata da descoberta da maioria dos elementos não pode ser determinada com precisão. Existem planos para sintetizar mais elementos e não se sabe quantos elementos são possíveis.

O nome de cada elemento, número atômico, ano do primeiro relatório, nome do descobridor e notas relacionadas à descoberta são listados.

Tabela periódica de elementos

10.

16.

17.

18.

Grupo →

↓ Período

1
H. H. H.

2
Ele.

3
Li

4
Ser

5
B

6
C

7
N

8
O

9
F

10.
Não.

11
Nao

12
Mg

13
Al.

14
Si

15
P

16.
S

17.
Cl

18.
Ar

19
KK

20.
Ca.

21
Sc

22
Ti

23
V

24.
C.

25
Mn.

26
Fe

27
Co

28
Ni

29 de Março
Cu

30
Zn

31
Ga

32
Ge

33
Como

34
Se

35
B.

36
Kr

37
Rb

38
Sr.

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

43
TC

44
Ru

45
Rh

46.
Pd

47
Agrupamento

48
Cd

49
Em

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
Eu...

54
Xe

55
C

56
Bando

71
Lu

72
Hf

73
Ta.

74
W

75
Repito

76
Os

77
Ir.

78
Pt

79
Au!

80
Hg

81
?

82
PB

83
B.

84
Po

85
Em

86
RN

87
Pe.

88
Ra

103
Lr.

104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
B.

108
H.

109
Mt

110
D

111
RG

112
Cn

113
Não.

114
Fl

115
Mc

116
LV

117
T

118
Og

57
La

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu sei.

64
Gd

65
TB

66
Dy!

67
Ho.

68
Er.

69
T m

70
Yb

89
Acções

90
O quê?

91
Pai.

92
U

93
Np

94
Puxa.

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk.

98
Cf

99
E

100.
F m

101
Md.

102
Não.

Cor de fundo mostra a idade da descoberta:
Antiguidade a 1700	1700– 1799	1800– 1849	1850– 1899	1900– 1949	1950– 1999	Desde 2000
(15 elementos) Antiguidade a 1700: descobertas antigas e alquímicas	(26 elementos) Descobertas durante a Revolução Científica e a idade da iluminação, parte da rejeição gradual da teoria aristotélica da matéria, e a definição de Lavoisier de um elemento químico	(19 elementos) As revoluções químicas e industriais levam à padronização das técnicas químicas e ao desenvolvimento da teoria atômica para a química	(23 elementos) A idade de classificar elementos e tabela periódica de Mendeleev; aplicação de técnicas de análise de espectro: Boisbaudran, Bunsen, Crookes, Kirchhoff, e outros "caçando assinaturas de linha de emissão"	(14 elementos) Desenvolvimentos na espectroscopia de raios X e radioquímica permitem que muitos elementos radioativos e os elementos estáveis finais sejam descobertos; reconhecimento do número atômico como definição de um elemento	(16 elementos) Projeto Post Manhattan; síntese de números atômicos 98 e acima (colliders, técnicas de bombardeio, reatores nucleares)	(5 elementos) síntese recente

Primordial Da decadência SintéticoFronteira mostra a ocorrência natural do elemento

Descobertas pré-modernas e do início da era moderna

Z.	Elemento	Uso mais antigo	O mais velho existente amostra	Descoberta(s)	Lugar de mais velho amostra	Notas
29 de Março	Cobre	9000 a.C.	6000 a.C.	Oriente Médio	Anatomia	Cobre foi provavelmente o primeiro metal extraído e trabalhado por humanos. Foi originalmente obtido como um metal nativo e mais tarde a partir da fundição de minérios. As estimativas mais antigas da descoberta de cobre sugerem cerca de 9000 BC no Oriente Médio. Foi um dos materiais mais importantes para os seres humanos em toda a Idade Calcolítica e Bronze. Contas de cobre datadas de 6000 a.C. foram encontradas em Çatalhöyük, Anatólia e o sítio arqueológico de Belovode na montanha de Rudnik na Sérvia contém a mais antiga evidência segura do mundo de fundição de cobre de 5000 a.C... Reconhecido como um elemento de Louis Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Berthollet, e Antoine-François de Fourcroy em 1787.
82	Liderança	7000 BC	3800 a.C.	África	Abydos, Egito	Acredita-se que a fundição de chumbo começou pelo menos 9.000 anos atrás, e o artefato mais antigo conhecido de chumbo é uma estatueta encontrada no templo de Osiris no local de Abydos datado em torno de 3800 BC. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
79	Ouro	Antes de 6000 a.C.	Antes 4000 BC	Levant	Wadi Qana	Os primeiros artefatos de ouro foram descobertos no local de Wadi Qana no Levante. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
47	Prata	Antes de 5000 BC	ca. 4000 BC	Ásia	Ásia	Estimado ter sido descoberto na Ásia Menor pouco depois de cobre e ouro. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
26	Ferro de engomar	Antes de 5000 BC	4000 AC	Oriente Médio	Egito	Há evidências de que o ferro era conhecido antes de 5000 BC. Os objetos de ferro mais antigos usados pelos humanos são algumas contas de ferro meteorico, feitas no Egito em cerca de 4000 BC. A descoberta de fundição em torno de 3000 a.C. levou ao início da Idade do Ferro em torno de 1200 a.C. e o uso proeminente de ferro para ferramentas e armas. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
6	Carbono de Carbono	3750 a.C.	2500 a.C.	egípcios e sumérios	Oriente Médio	Carvão e fuligem eram conhecidos pelos primeiros humanos. O uso mais antigo conhecido de carvão foi para a redução de cobre, zinco e minérios de estanho na fabricação de bronze, pelos egípcios e sumérios. Os diamantes foram provavelmente conhecidos como no início de 2500 BC. As verdadeiras análises químicas foram feitas no século XVIII, e em 1772 Antoine Lavoisier demonstrou que o diamante, o grafite e o carvão são todos compostos da mesma substância. Em 1787, de Morveau, Fourcroy e Lavoisier listaram carbono (em francês, Carboneto) como elemento, distinguindo-o do carvão (em francês, Charbon.).
50	Tintim	3500 a.C.	2000 a.C.	Ásia	Kestel	Primeiro fundido em combinação com cobre em torno de 3500 a.C. para produzir bronze (e assim dando lugar à Idade do Bronze naqueles lugares onde a Idade do Ferro não intromete diretamente no Neolítico da Idade da Pedra). Kestel, no sul da Turquia, é o local de uma antiga mina de Cassiterite que foi usada de 3250 a 1800 a.C.. Os artefatos mais antigos datam de cerca de 2000 a.C.. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
16.	Sulfuro	Antes de 2000 a.C.		Oriente Médio	Oriente Médio	Primeiro usou pelo menos 4.000 anos atrás. De acordo com o Papiro de Ebers, uma pomada de enxofre foi usada no antigo Egito para tratar pálpebras granulares. Projetado como um dos dois elementos dos quais todos os metais são compostos na teoria do enxofre-mercúrio dos metais, descrita pela primeira vez no pseudo-Apolônio do Tyana Sirr al-khaliqa ('Secreto da Criação') e nas obras atribuídas a Jabir ibn Hayyan (ambos do século VIII ou do século IX). Projetado como um elemento univeral (um dos tria prima) por Paracelso no início do século XVI. Reconhecido como elemento de Lavoisier em 1777, que foi confirmado por Joseph Gay-Lussac e Louis Jacques Thénard em 1810.
80	Mercúrio	1500 a.C.	1500 a.C.	Egípcios	Egito	Encontrado em túmulos egípcios datando de 1500 BC. Reconhecido como um elemento de Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet e Fourcroy em 1787.
30	Zinco	Antes de 1000 BC	1000 a.C.	Metalurgia indiana	Subcontinente indiano	Usado como um componente de bronze desde a antiguidade (antes de 1000 a.C.) por metalurgistas indianos, mas sua verdadeira natureza não foi entendida nos tempos antigos. O fundição de zinco foi feito na China e na Índia por volta de 1300. Identificado como um metal distinto no Rasaratreia Samuccaya ao redor do século XIV da era cristã e pelo alquimista Paracelso em 1526, que lhe deu seu nome atual e descreveu como um novo metal. P. M. de Respour isolou-o do óxido de zinco em 1668; a primeira documentação detalhada do isolamento de zinco foi dada por Andreas Sigismund Marggraf em 1746.
78	Platinum Platinum Platinum	c. 600 BC – AD 200	c. 600 BC – AD 200	Américas do Sul pré-colombianas	América do Sul	Usado por americanos pré-colombianos perto de Esmeraldas moderno, Equador para produzir artefatos de uma liga de ouro-platina branca, embora a datação precisa seja difícil. A primeira descrição europeia de um metal encontrado em ouro sul-americano foi em 1557 por Júlio César Scaliger. Antonio de Ulloa estava em uma expedição ao Peru em 1735, onde observou o metal; publicou suas descobertas em 1748. Sir Charles Wood também investigou o metal em 1741. Primeira referência a ele como um novo metal foi feito por William Brownrigg em 1750.
33	Arsénio	C.850– 950	C.850– 950	Jabir ibn Hayyan	Oriente Médio	O uso do arsênico metálico foi descrito pelo alquimista egípcio Zosimos. A purificação do arsênio foi descrita mais tarde nas obras atribuídas ao alquimista muçulmano Jabir ibn Hayyan (C.850- 950). Albertus Magnus (C.1200-1280) é tipicamente creditado com a descrição do metal no Ocidente, embora alguma questão seu trabalho e, em vez de crédito Vannoccio Biringuccio, cujo De la pirotechnia (1540) distingue orpiment de arsénio cristalino. O primeiro a inquestionavelmente ter preparado arsênico metálico foi Johann Schröder em 1641. Reconhecido como elemento após a definição de Lavoisier em 1787.
51	Antimônio	C.850– 950	C.850– 950	Jabir ibn Hayyan	Oriente Médio	Dioscórides e Plínio descrevem a produção acidental de antimônio metálico do esteibnito, mas só parecem reconhecer o metal como chumbo. O isolamento intencional do antimônio é descrito nas obras atribuídas ao alquimista muçulmano Jabir ibn Hayyan (C.850- 950). Na Europa, o metal estava sendo produzido e usado por 1540, quando foi descrito por Vannoccio Biringuccio. Descrito novamente por Georgius Agricola De re Metallica em 1556. Provavelmente primeiro reconhecido como um elemento por Lavoisier em 1787.
83	Bismuto	C.1500.	C.1500.	Alquimistas europeus e civilização inca	Europa e América do Sul	Bismuto era conhecido desde os tempos antigos, mas muitas vezes confundido com estanho e chumbo, que são quimicamente semelhantes. Os Incas usaram bismuth (juntamente com o cobre e estanho habitual) em uma liga de bronze especial para facas. Agricola (1546) afirma que o bismuto é um metal distinto em uma família de metais, incluindo estanho e chumbo. Isso foi baseado na observação dos metais e suas propriedades físicas. Mineiros na idade de alquimia também deu bismuto o nome Tectum argentino, ou "silver sendo feito" no sentido de prata ainda no processo de ser formado dentro da Terra. Começando com Johann Heinrich Pott em 1738, Carl Wilhelm Scheele e Torbern Olof Bergman, a distinção de chumbo e bismuto tornou-se clara, e Claude François Geoffroy demonstrou em 1753 que este metal é distinto de chumbo e estanho.
15	Fósforo	1669		H. Marca		Preparado e isolado da urina, foi o primeiro elemento cuja data de descoberta e descoberta é registrada. A última descoberta pertencente à alquimia em vez da química moderna. Reconhecido como um elemento por Lavoisier.

Descobertas modernas

Para as descobertas do século XVIII, na época em que Antoine Lavoisier questionou pela primeira vez a teoria do flogisto, o reconhecimento de uma nova "terra" tem sido considerado equivalente à descoberta de um novo elemento (como era então a prática geral).

Z	Element	Observed or predicted		Isolated (widely known)		Notes
			By		By
27	Cobalt	1735	G. Brandt	1735	G. Brandt	Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.
28	Nickel	1751	F. Cronstedt	1751	F. Cronstedt	Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as niccolite).
12	Magnesium	1755	J. Black	1808	H. Davy	Joseph Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO) in 1755; until then both substances were confused. Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia.
20	Calcium	1755	J. Black	1808	H. Davy	Joseph Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO) in 1755; until then both substances were confused. Davy isolated the metal by electrolysis of quicklime.
13	Aluminium	1756	A. S. Marggraf	1824	H.C.Ørsted	In 1746, Johann Heinrich Pott published a treatise distinguishing alum from lime and chalk, and Marggraf precipitated the new earth alumina in 1756. Antoine Lavoisier predicted in 1787 that alumina is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 Davy tried to decompose it. Although he failed, he proved Lavoisier correct and suggested the present name. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1824.
11	Sodium	1758	A. S. Marggraf	1807	H. Davy	Andreas Sigismund Marggraf recognised the difference between soda ash and potash in 1758, but not all chemists accepted his conclusion. In 1797, Martin Heinrich Klaproth suggested the names natron and kali for the two alkalis (whence the symbols). Davy isolated sodium metal a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on sodium hydroxide.
19	Potassium	1758	A. S. Marggraf	1807	H. Davy	Andreas Sigismund Marggraf recognised the difference between soda ash and potash in 1758, but not all chemists accepted his conclusion. In 1797, Martin Heinrich Klaproth suggested the names natron and kali for the two alkalis (whence the symbols). Davy isolated potassium metal by using electrolysis on potash.
1	Hydrogen	1766	H. Cavendish	1766	H. Cavendish	Cavendish was the first to distinguish H ₂ from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1783. It was the first elemental gas known.
9	Fluorine	1771	W. Scheele	1886	H. Moissan	Scheele studied fluorspar and correctly concluded it to be the lime (calcium) salt of an acid. Radical fluorique appears on the list of elements in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789, but radical muriatique also appears instead of chlorine. André-Marie Ampère again predicted in 1810 that hydrofluoric acid contained an element analogous to chlorine, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain it. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.
8	Oxygen	1771	W. Scheele	1771	W. Scheele	Scheele obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. Before him, Sendivogius had produced oxygen by heating saltpetre, correctly identifying it as the "food of life".
7	Nitrogen	1772	D. Rutherford	1772	D. Rutherford	Rutherford discovered nitrogen while studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775–6.
56	Barium	1772	W. Scheele	1808	H. Davy	Scheele distinguished a new earth (BaO) in pyrolusite in 1772. He did not name his discovery; Guyton de Morveau suggested barote in 1782. It was changed to baryte in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique of Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy (1787). Davy isolated the metal by electrolysis.
17	Chlorine	1774	W. Scheele	1774	W. Scheele	Obtained it from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.
25	Manganese	1774	W. Scheele	1774	G. Gahn	Distinguished pyrolusite as the calx of a new metal. Ignatius Gottfred Kaim is sometimes listed as also having discovered the new metal in 1770, as did Scheele in 1774. It was isolated by reduction of manganese dioxide with carbon.
42	Molybdenum	1778	W. Scheele	1781	J. Hjelm	Scheele recognised the metal as a constituent of molybdena.
74	Tungsten	1781	W. Scheele	1783	J. and F. Elhuyar	Scheele showed that scheelite (then called tungsten) was a salt of calcium with a new acid, which he called tungstic acid. The Elhuyars obtained tungstic acid from wolframite and reduced it with charcoal, naming the element "volfram". Since that time both names, tungsten and wolfram, have been used depending on language. In 1949 IUPAC made wolfram the scientific name, but this was repealed after protest in 1951 in favour of recognising both names pending a further review (which never materialised). Currently only tungsten is recognised for use in English.
52	Tellurium	1782	F.-J.M. von Reichenstein	1798	H. Klaproth	Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania. Klaproth isolated it in 1798.
38	Strontium	1787	W. Cruikshank	1808	H. Davy	W. Cruikshank in 1787 and Adair Crawford in 1790 concluded that strontianite contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Davy.
5	Boron	1787	L. Guyton de Morveau, A. Lavoisier, C. L. Berthollet, and A. de Fourcroy	1808	H. Davy	In 1787, radical boracique appeared in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique of Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy. It also appears in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789. On June 21, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in sedative salt, Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid on June 30. Davy then prepared a pure sample via electrolysis.
14	Silicon	1789	A. Lavoisier	1823	J. Berzelius	Silica appears as a "simple earth" in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique, and in 1789 Lavoisier concluded that the element must exist. Davy thought in 1800 that silica was a compound, not an element, and in 1808 he proved this although he could not isolate the element, and suggested the present name. In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon, and Berzelius obtained the pure element in 1823.
		1789	A. Lavoisier			Lavoisier writes the first modern list of chemical elements – containing 33 elements including light and heat but omitting Na, K (he was unsure of whether soda and potash without carbonic acid, i.e. Na₂O and K₂O, are simple substances or compounds like NH₃), Sr, Te; some elements were listed in the table as unextracted "radicals" (Cl, F, B) or as oxides (Ca, Mg, Ba, Al, Si). He also redefines the term "element". Until then, no metals except mercury were considered elements.
40	Zirconium	1789	H. Klaproth	1824	J. Berzelius	Martin Heinrich Klaproth identified a new oxide in zircon in 1789, and in 1808 Davy showed that this oxide has a metallic base although he could not isolate it.
92	Uranium	1789	H. Klaproth	1841	E.-M. Péligot	Klaproth mistakenly identified a uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.
22	Titanium	1791	W. Gregor	1825	J. Berzelius	Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite; Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.
39	Yttrium	1794	J. Gadolin	1843	H. Rose	Johan Gadolin discovered the earth in gadolinite in 1794, but Mosander showed later that its ore, yttria, contained more elements. In 1808, Davy showed that yttria is a metallic oxide, although he could not isolate the metal. Wöhler mistakenly thought he had isolated the metal in 1828 from a volatile chloride he supposed to be yttrium chloride, but Rose proved otherwise in 1843 and correctly isolated the element himself that year.
24	Chromium	1797	N. Vauquelin	1798	N. Vauquelin	Vauquelin analysed the composition of crocoite ore in 1797, and later isolated the metal by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven.
4	Beryllium	1798	N. Vauquelin	1828	F. Wöhler and A. Bussy	Vauquelin discovered the oxide in beryl and emerald in 1798, and in 1808 Davy showed that this oxide has a metallic base although he could not isolate it. Vauquelin was uncertain about the name to give to the oxide: in 1798 he called it la terre du beril, but the journal editors named it glucine after the sweet taste of beryllium compounds (which are highly toxic). Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link proposed in 1799 to change the name from Glucine to Beryllerde or Berylline (because glucine resembled glycine), a suggestion taken up by Klaproth in 1800 in the form beryllina. Klaproth had independently worked on beryl and emerald and likewise concluded that a new element was present. The name beryllium for the element was first used by Wöhler upon its isolation (Davy used the name glucium). Both names beryllium and glucinium were used (the latter mostly in France) until IUPAC decided on the name beryllium in 1949.
23	Vanadium	1801	A. M. del Río	1867	H.E.Roscoe	Andrés Manuel del Río found the metal (calling it erythronium) in vanadinite in 1801, but the claim was rejected after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils dismissed it as chromium based on erroneous and superficial testing. Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in 1830 and named it vanadium. Friedrich Wöhler then showed that vanadium was identical to erythronium and thus that del Río had been right in the first place. Del Río then argued passionately that his old claim be recognised, but the element kept the name vanadium.
41	Niobium	1801	C. Hatchett	1864	W. Blomstrand	Hatchett found the element in columbite ore and named it columbium. In 1809, W. H. Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false. Heinrich Rose proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it niobium. American scientists generally used the name columbium, while European ones used niobium. Niobium was officially accepted by IUPAC in 1949.
73	Tantalum	1802	G. Ekeberg			Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to columbite, and named it after Tantalus from Greek mythology because of its inability to be dissolved by acids (just as Tantalus was tantalised by water that receded when he tried to drink it). In 1809, W. H. Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false. In 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that the elements were distinct and renamed columbium to niobium (Niobe is the daughter of Tantalus).
46	Palladium	1802	W. H. Wollaston	1802	W. H. Wollaston	Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid Pallas.
58	Cerium	1803	H. Klaproth, J. Berzelius, and W. Hisinger	1838	G. Mosander	Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in ceria and named it after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in them, lanthanum.
76	Osmium	1803	S. Tennant	1803	S. Tennant	Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.
77	Iridium	1803	S. Tennant and H.-V. Collet-Descotils	1803	S. Tennant	Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804. Collet-Descotils also found iridium the same year, but not osmium.
45	Rhodium	1804	H. Wollaston	1804	H. Wollaston	Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.
53	Iodine	1811	B. Courtois	1811	B. Courtois	Courtois discovered it in the ashes of seaweed. The name was given by Davy in 1813.
3	Lithium	1817	A. Arfwedson	1821	W. T. Brande	Arfwedson discovered the alkali in petalite.
48	Cadmium	1817	S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff	1817	S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff	All three found an unknown metal in a sample of zinc oxide from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.
34	Selenium	1817	J. Berzelius and G. Gahn	1817	J. Berzelius and G. Gahn	While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought was tellurium, but realized after more investigation that it was different.
35	Bromine	1825	J. Balard and C. Löwig	1825	J. Balard and C. Löwig	They both discovered the element in the autumn of 1825. Balard published his results the next year, but Löwig did not publish until 1827.
90	Thorium	1829	J. Berzelius	1914	D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger	Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in thorite.
57	Lanthanum	1838	G. Mosander	1841	G. Mosander	Mosander found a new element in samples of ceria and published his results in 1842, but later he showed that this lanthana contained four more elements.
60	Neodymium	1841	G. Mosander	1885	C. A. von Welsbach	Discovered by Mosander and called didymium. Carl Auer von Welsbach later split it into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium. Neodymium had formed the greater part of the old didymium and received the prefix "neo-".
68	Erbium	1843	G. Mosander	1879	T. Cleve	Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.
65	Terbium	1843	G. Mosander	1886	J.C.G. de Marignac	Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.
44	Ruthenium	1844	K. Claus	1844	K. Claus	Gottfried Wilhelm Osann thought that he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples, and in 1844 Karl Karlovich Klaus confirmed that there was a new element.
55	Caesium	1860	R. Bunsen and R. Kirchhoff	1882	C. Setterberg	Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by spectrum analysis. They discovered caesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water. The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1882 by Setterberg.
37	Rubidium	1861	R. Bunsen and G. R. Kirchhoff		Hevesy	Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral lepidolite. Bunsen never obtained a pure sample of the metal, which was later obtained by Hevesy.
81	Thallium	1861	W. Crookes	1862	C.-A. Lamy	Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample; later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.
49	Indium	1863	F. Reich and T. Richter	1867	T. Richter	Reich and Richter first identified it in sphalerite by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal several years later.
2	Helium	1868	N. Lockyer	1895	W. Ramsay, T. Cleve, and N. Langlet	P. Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element. However, only Lockyer made the correct conclusion that it was due to a new element. This was the first observation of a noble gas, located in the Sun. Years later after the isolation of argon on Earth, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently helium trapped in cleveite.
		1869	D. I. Mendeleev			Mendeleev arranges the 63 elements known at that time (omitting terbium, as chemists were unsure of its existence, and helium, as it was not found on Earth) into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others.
31	Gallium	1875	P. E. L. de Boisbaudran		P. E. L. de Boisbaudran	Boisbaudran observed on a pyrenea blende sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminium that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis.
70	Ytterbium	1878	J.C.G. de Marignac	1906	C. A. von Welsbach	On October 22, 1878, Marignac reported splitting terbia into two new earths, terbia proper and ytterbia.
67	Holmium	1878	J.-L. Soret and M. Delafontaine	1879	T. Cleve	Soret found it in samarskite and later, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium. Delafontaine's philippium turned out to be identical to what Soret found.
21	Scandium	1879	F. Nilson	1879	F. Nilson	Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure ytterbia and a new element that matched Mendeleev's 1871 predicted eka-boron.
69	Thulium	1879	T. Cleve	1879	T. Cleve	Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.
62	Samarium	1879	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	1879	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it samaria after the mineral.
64	Gadolinium	1880	J. C. G. de Marignac	1886	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia, and later Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.
59	Praseodymium	1885	C. A. von Welsbach			Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered it in Mosander's didymia.
32	Germanium	1886	C. A. Winkler			In February 1886 Winkler found in argyrodite the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.
66	Dysprosium	1886	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	1905	G. Urbain	De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.
18	Argon	1894	Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay	1894	Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay	They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.
63	Europium	1896	E.-A. Demarçay	1901	E.-A. Demarçay	Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.
36	Krypton	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
10	Neon	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
54	Xenon	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	On July 12, 1898 Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
84	Polonium	1898	P. and M. Curie	1902	W. Marckwald	In an experiment done on July 13, 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from pitchblende, which they ascribed to an unknown element. Independently rediscovered and isolated in 1902 by Marckwald, who named it radiotellurium.
88	Radium	1898	P. and M. Curie	1902	M. Curie	The Curies reported on December 26, 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from uraninite.
86	Radon	1899	E. Rutherford and R. B. Owens	1910	W. Ramsay and R. Whytlaw-Gray	Rutherford and Owens discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of thorium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray. In 1900, Friedrich Ernst Dorn discovered a longer-lived isotope of the same gas from the radioactive decay of radium. Since "radon" was first used to specifically designate Dorn's isotope before it became the name for the element, he is often mistakenly given credit for the latter instead of the former.
89	Actinium	1902	F. O. Giesel	1903	F. O. Giesel	Giesel obtained from pitchblende a substance that had properties similar to those of lanthanum and named it emanium. André-Louis Debierne had previously (in 1899 and 1900) reported the discovery of a new element actinium that was supposedly similar to titanium and thorium, which cannot have included much actual element 89. But by 1904, when Giesel and Debierne met, both had radiochemically pure element 89, and so Debierne has generally been given credit for the discovery.
71	Lutetium	1906	C. A. von Welsbach and G. Urbain	1906	C. A. von Welsbach	von Welsbach proved that the old ytterbium also contained a new element, which he named cassiopeium (he renamed the larger part of the old ytterbium to aldebaranium). Urbain also proved this at about the same time (von Welsbach's paper was published first, but Urbain sent his to the editor first), naming the new element lutetium and the old one neoytterbium (which later reverted back to ytterbium). However, Urbain's samples were very impure and only contained trace quantities of the new element. Despite this, his chosen name lutetium was adopted by the International Committee of Atomic Weights, whose membership included Urbain. The German Atomic Weights Commission adopted cassiopeium for the next forty years. Finally in 1949 IUPAC decided in favour of the name lutetium as it was more often used.
91	Protactinium	1913	O. H. Göhring and K. Fajans	1927	A. von Grosse	The two obtained the first isotope of this element, ^234mPa, that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of ²³⁸U: they named it brevium. A longer-lived isotope ²³¹Pa was found in 1918 by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, and was named by them protoactinium: since it is longer-lived, it gave the element its name. Protoactinium was changed to protactinium in 1949. Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes, who nevertheless did not recognize that it was a new element.
72	Hafnium	1922	D. Coster and G. von Hevesy	1922	D. Coster and G. von Hevesy	Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while Vladimir Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to World War I, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for hafnium. After the war, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.
75	Rhenium	1925	W. Noddack, I. Noddack, O. Berg	1928	W. Noddack, I. Noddack	In 1925 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name. Masataka Ogawa claimed to have found a new element in thorianite in 1908, but assigned it as element 43 and named it nipponium; the Japanese nuclear chemist Kenji Yoshihara has attempted to reinterpret Ogawa's data as a discovery of rhenium, but the evidence for this is insufficiently conclusive. Rhenium was the last stable element to be discovered.
43	Technetium	1937	C. Perrier and E. Segrè	1937	C. Perrier & E. Segrè	The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum sample that was used in a cyclotron, the first element to be discovered by synthesis. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese. In 1952, Paul W. Merrill found its spectral lines in S-type red giants. Minuscule trace quantities were finally found on Earth in 1962 by B. T. Kenna and Paul K. Kuroda: they isolated it from Belgian Congo pitchblende, where it occurs as a spontaneous fission product of uranium. The Noddacks (discoverers of rhenium) claimed to have discovered element 43 in 1925 as well and named it masurium (after Masuria), but their claims were disproven by Kuroda, who calculated that there cannot have been enough technetium in their samples to have enabled a true detection.
87	Francium	1939	M. Perey			Perey discovered it as a decay product of ²²⁷Ac. Francium was the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although four of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine, and promethium) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well. Before Perey, it is likely that Stefan Meyer, Viktor F. Hess, and Friedrich Paneth had observed the decay of ²²⁷Ac to ²²³Fr in Vienna in 1914, but they could not follow up and secure their work because of the outbreak of World War I.
93	Neptunium	1940	E.M. McMillan and H. Abelson			Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it was the first transuranium element discovered. Natural traces were found in Belgian Congo pitchblende by D. F. Peppard et al. in 1952.
85	Astatine	1940	R. Corson, R. MacKenzie and E. Segrè			Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. In 1943, Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert found it in nature; due to World War II, they were initially unaware of Corson et al.'s results. Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois had previously claimed its discovery as a natural radioelement from 1936, naming it dor: they likely did have the isotope ²¹⁸At, and probably did have enough sensitivity to distinguish its spectral lines. But they could not chemically identify their discovery, and their work was doubted because of an earlier false claim by Hulubei to having discovered element 87.
94	Plutonium	1941	Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, W. Kennedy and E.M. McMillan			Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons. Seaborg and Morris L. Perlman then found it as traces in natural Canadian pitchblende in 1941–1942, though this work was kept secret until 1948.
96	Curium	1944	Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso			Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project
95	Americium	1944	G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James, O. Morgan and A. Ghiorso			Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project.
61	Promethium	1945	Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, and Lawrence E. Glendenin	1945	Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, and Lawrence E. Glendenin	It was probably first prepared at the Ohio State University in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945. Found on Earth in trace quantities by Olavi Erämetsä in 1965; so far, promethium is the most recent element to have been found on Earth.
97	Berkelium	1949	G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley)			Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.
98	Californium	1950	S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley)			Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.
99	Einsteinium	1952	A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley)	1952		Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.
100	Fermium	1953	A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley)			Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; first identified in early 1953; kept secret for several years.
101	Mendelevium	1955	A. Ghiorso, G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson and G. T. Seaborg (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with helium.
103	Lawrencium	1961	A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, E. Larsh and M. Latimer (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.
102	Nobelium	1966	E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev and V. A. Ermakov (JINR in Dubna)			First prepared by bombardment of uranium with neon atoms
104	Rutherfordium	1969	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and I. Zvara et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms by Albert Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms by Zvara's team.
105	Dubnium	1970	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and V. A. Druin et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with nitrogen atoms by Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of americium with neon atoms by Druin's team.
106	Seaborgium	1974	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with oxygen atoms.
107	Bohrium	1981	G.Münzenberg et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.
109	Meitnerium	1982	G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.
108	Hassium	1984	G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with iron atoms
110	Darmstadtium	1994	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with nickel
111	Roentgenium	1994	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with nickel
112	Copernicium	1996	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with zinc.
114	Flerovium	1999	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with calcium. It may have already been found at Dubna in 1998, but that result has not been confirmed.
116	Livermorium	2000	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of curium with calcium
118	Oganesson	2002	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with calcium
115	Moscovium	2003	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of americium with calcium
113	Nihonium	2003–2004	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) and K. Morita et al. (RIKEN in Wako, Japan)			Prepared by decay of moscovium by Oganessian's team and bombardment of bismuth with zinc by Morita's team. Both teams began their experiments in 2003; Oganessian's team detected its first atom in 2003, but Morita's only in 2004. However, both teams published in 2004.
117	Tennessine	2009	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of berkelium with calcium

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